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        "title": "Memory Allocation Strategies for Large Volumetric Data-Sets",
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        "abstract": "Since the development of medical three dimensional imaging devices\r\nin the 1970s, volumetric data processing has tremendously gained in\r\nimportance. With the growing size of the data-sets, exhausting the\r\ncapabilities of the hardware of its time, methods for efficient\r\nvolumetric data processing have been always a hot topic. In this\r\ndiploma thesis two approaches for processing large volumetric\r\ndata-sets are presented. Both approaches utilize a block volume for\r\nstoring the data. Further data compression and out-of-core\r\nprocessing are incorporated. Efficiency is achieved by processing\r\nonly the required portion of data while omitting the non-related\r\ndata having no effect on the intended result of the algorithm. This\r\nis supported by utilization of the knowledge about access patterns\r\nof the algorithm. Also methods for optimizing the efficiency by\r\nexploiting architectural properties of the computer hardware are\r\npresented.",
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        "title": "High-resolution Depth and Reflectance Map Estimation in Underwater Imaging",
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        "abstract": "This paper describes \r\na novel technique to simultaneously determining the threedimensional\r\ngeometry and reflectance map of a scene in underwater\r\nimaging. Underwater light is affected\r\nby an exponential wavelenght-dependent absorption\r\nand undesired scattering effects. These special conditions\r\nmake image and video processing a difficult task in participating\r\nmedia. It is shown how to use this disturbing\r\nabsorption effect to find a new way to accurately estimate\r\nthe scene depth-map and multispectral reflectivities.\r\nThe process requires the acquisition of a multispectral image\r\nof the underwater scenario with the appropriate camera\r\nand lightsource arrangement. The algorithm has been tested\r\non several synthetic images for different noise levels. The\r\npromising results show that the technique provides accurate\r\nand stable results.",
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        "title": "Human Observation Based Generalized Gamma Functions",
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        "abstract": "This paper describes an accurate method to obtain the\nTone Reproduction Curve (TRC) of display devices without using\na measurement device. It is an improvement of an existing technique\nbased on human observation, solving its problem of numerical instability\nand resulting in functions in log--log scale which correspond better\nto the nature of display devices.\nWe demonstrate the effiency of our technique on different monitor\ntechnologies, comparing it with direct measurements using a\nspectrophotometer.",
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        "title": "Non-linear Model Fitting to Parameterize Diseased Blood Vessels",
        "date": "2004-10",
        "abstract": "Accurate estimation of vessel parameters is a prerequisite for automated visualization and analysis of normal and diseased blood vessels. The objective of this research is to estimate the dimensions of lower extremity arteries, imaged by computed tomography (CT). The vessel is modeled using an elliptical or cylindrical structure with specific dimensions, orientation and blood vessel mean density. The model separates two homogeneous regions: Its inner side represents a region of density for vessels, and its outer side a region for background. Taking into account the point spread function (PSF) of a CT scanner, a function is modeled with a Gaussian kernel, in order to smooth the vessel boundary in the model. A new strategy for vessel parameter estimation is presented. It stems from vessel model and model parameter optimization by a nonlinear optimization procedure (the Levenberg-Marquardt technique). The method provides center location, diameter and orientation of the vessel as well as blood and background mean density values. The method is tested on synthetic data and real patient data with encouraging results.",
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        "title": "Interactive Thickness Visualization of Articular Cartilage",
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        "abstract": "This paper describes a method to visualize the thickness of curved\r\nthin objects. Given the MRI volume data of articular cartilage,\r\nmedical doctors investigate pathological changes of the thickness.\r\nSince the tissue is very thin, it is impossible to reliably map\r\nthe thickness information by direct volume rendering. Our idea is\r\nbased on unfolding of such structures preserving their thickness.\r\nThis allows to perform anisotropic geometrical operations (e.g.,\r\nscaling the thickness). However, flattening of a curved structure\r\nimplies a distortion of its surface. The distortion problem is\r\nalleviated through a focus-and-context minimization approach.\r\nDistortion is smallest close to a focal point which can be\r\ninteractively selected by the user.",
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        "title": "A Refined Data Addressing and Processing Scheme to Accelerate Volume Raycasting",
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        "abstract": "Most volume rendering systems based on CPU volume raycasting still suffer from inefficient CPU utilization and high memory usage. To target these issues we present a new technique for efficient data addressing. Furthermore, we introduce a new processing scheme for volume raycasting which exploits thread-level parallelism—a technology now supported by commodity computer architectures.",
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        "title": "Memory Efficient Acceleration Structures and Techniques for CPU-based Volume Raycasting of Large Data",
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        "abstract": "Most CPU-based volume raycasting approaches achieve high performance by advanced memory layouts, space subdivision, and excessive pre-computing. Such approaches typically need an enormous amount of memory. They are limited to sizes which do not satisfy the medical data used in daily clinical routine. We present a new volume raycasting approach based on image-ordered raycasting with object-ordered processing, which is able to perform high-quality rendering of very large medical data in real-time on commodity computers. For large medical data such as computed tomographic (CT) angiography run-offs (512x512x1202) we achieve rendering times up to 2.5 fps on a commodity notebook. We achieve this by introducing a memory efficient acceleration technique for on-the-fly gradient estimation and a memory efficient hybrid removal and skipping technique of transparent regions. We employ quantized binary histograms, granular resolution octrees, and a cell invisibility cache. These acceleration structures require just a small extra storage of approximately 10%. ",
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        "title": "The VesselGlyph: Focus & Context Visualization in CT-Angiography",
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        "title": "VOTS: VOlume doTS as a Point-Based Representation of Volumetric Data",
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        "abstract": "We present Volume dots (Vots), a new primitive for volumetric data modelling, processing, and rendering. Vots\r\nare a point-based representation of volumetric data. An individual Vot is specified by the coefficients of a Taylor\r\nseries expansion, i.e. the function value and higher order derivatives at a specific point. A Vot does not only\r\nrepresent a single sample point, it represents the underlying function within a region. With the Vots representation\r\nwe have a more intuitive and high-level description of the volume data. This allows direct analytical examination\r\nand manipulation of volumetric datasets. Vots enable the representation of the underlying scalar function with\r\nspecified precision. User-centric importance sampling is also possible, i.e., unimportant volume parts are still\r\npresent but represented with just very few Vots. As proof of concept, we show Maximum Intensity Projection based\r\non Vots.",
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        "title": "Visualization of Elastic Body Dynamics for Automotive Engine Simulations",
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        "title": "Tangible Image Query",
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        "abstract": "This paper introduces a tangible user interface for browsing\r\nand retrieving images from an image database. The basis\r\nfor the query to the image database is a color layout sketch,\r\nwhich is used by the underlying query algorithm to find the\r\nbest matches. The users are provided with colored cubes of\r\nvarious sizes (1.5 to 4 cm) and colors (8 base colors). The\r\nusers can place and arrange the colored cubes on a small\r\ntable to create a color layout sketch. Multiple users can use\r\nthis interface to collaborate in an image query. To evaluate\r\nthe benefits of the interface, it is compared to a traditional\r\nGUI application in which the users use a mouse to create a\r\ncolor layout sketch.",
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        "title": "Accuracy Evaluation of Diferent Centerline Approximations of Blood Vessels",
        "date": "2004-05",
        "abstract": " Accurate determination of the central vessel axis is a prerequisite for automated arteries diseases visualization and quantification. In this paper we present an evaluation of different methods used to approximate the centerline of the vessel in a phantom simulating the peripheral arteries. Six algorithms were used to determine the centerline of a synthetic peripheral arterial vessel. They are based on: ray casting technique using thresholds and maximum gradient-like stop criterion, pixel motion estimation between successive images called block matching, center of gravity and shape based segmentation. The Randomized Hough Transform and ellipse fitting using Lagrange Multiplier have been used as shape based segmentation techniques, fitting an elliptical shape to a set of points. The synthetic data simulate the peripheral arterial tree (aorta-to-pedal). The vessel diameter changes along the z-axis from about 0.7 to about 23 voxels. The data dimension is 256x256x768 with voxel size 0.5x0.5x0.5mm. In this data set the centerline is known and an estimation of the error is calculated in order to determine how precise a given method is and to classify it accordingly.",
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        "id": "Viola-2004-GPU",
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        "title": "GPU-based Frequency Domain Volume Rendering",
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        "abstract": "Frequency domain volume rendering (FVR) is a volume\r\nrendering technique with lower computational complexity\r\nas compared to other techniques. In this paper\r\nthe FVR algorithm is accelerated by factor of 17\r\nby mapping the rendering stage to the GPU. The overall\r\nhardware-accelerated pipeline is discussed and the\r\nchanges according to previous work are pointed out. The\r\nthree-dimensional transformation into frequency domain\r\nis done in a pre-processing step. The rendering step is\r\ncomputed completely on the GPU. First the projection\r\nslice is extracted. Four different interpolation schemes\r\nare used for resampling the slice from the data represented\r\nby a 3D texture. The extracted slice is transformed\r\nback into the spatial domain using the inverse\r\nFast Fourier or Fast Hartley Transform. The rendering\r\nstage is implemented through shader programs running\r\non programmable graphics hardware achieving highly interactive\r\nframerates.",
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        "title": "Stone-Age Monumental Circular Ditch Systems",
        "date": "2004-04",
        "abstract": "Exhibition on Virtual Reconstructions in Cultural Heritage, now online at http://www.visibleart.net/artwork.php?artid=197 .",
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        "event": "Spring Conference on Computer Graphics 2004",
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        "keywords": [
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    {
        "id": "Straka-2004-TVG",
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        "title": "The VesselGlyph: Focus & Context Visualization in CT-Angiography",
        "date": "2004-04",
        "abstract": "Reliable and complete blood-vessel segmentation is still a challenging problem. This is especially true in the presence of morphologic changes resulting from atherosclerotic diseases. In this paper we take advantage of partially segmented data with approximately identified vessel centerlines to comprehensively visualize the diseased peripheral arterial tree.\r\nWe introduce the VesselGlyph as an abstract notation for novel focus & context visualization techniques of tubular structures such as contrast-medium enhanced arteries in CT-Angiography (CT-A). The proposed techniques combine direct volume rendering (DVR) and curved planar reformation (CPR) within a single image. The VesselGlyph consists of several regions where different rendering methods are used. Region type, the used visualization method and region parameters depend on the distance from the vessel centerline and on viewing parameters as well. By selecting proper rendering techniques for different regions, vessels are depicted in a naturally looking and undistorted anatomic context.\r\nIn this paper we furthermore present a way how to implement the proposed techniques in software and by means of modern 3D graphics accelerators.",
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        "title": "Non-linear Model Fitting to Parameterize Diseased Blood Vessels",
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        "abstract": "Accurate estimation of vessel parameters is a prerequisite for automated visualization and analysis of normal and diseased blood vessels. The objective of this research is to estimate the dimensions of lower extremity arteries, imaged by computed tomography (CT).\nThe vessel is modeled using an elliptical or cylindrical structure with specific dimensions, orientation and blood vessel mean density. The model separates two homogeneous regions: Its inner side represents a region of density for vessels, and its outer side a region for background. Taking into account the point spread function (PSF) of a CT scanner, a function is modeled with a Gaussian kernel, in order to smooth the vessel boundary in the model. A new strategy for vessel parameter estimation is presented. It\nstems from vessel model and model parameter optimization by a nonlinear optimization procedure (the Levenberg-Marquardt technique). The method provides center location, diameter and orientation of the vessel as well as blood and background mean density values. The method is tested on synthetic data and real patient data with encouraging results.",
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        "title": "Parallel Peeling of Curvilinear Grids",
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        "abstract": "In this paper we present a novel hybrid CPU-GPU approach for rendering\r\ncurvilinear grids. Visibility sorting is accomplished by parallel\r\npeeling cells off the grid, utilizing an active cell peeling front. In\r\neach step, we compute the ray-cell intersection coordinates on the\r\nGPU, perform accurate volume integration (CPU), and determine\r\nthe set of active cells for the next iteration (GPU). The approach\r\nrequires only standard graphics capabilities and can therefore be\r\nused on any commodity PC, including laptops. Furthermore, the\r\nmain memory requirements are negligible since the required data\r\nstructures are minimal.\r\nThe main advantage of our algorithm is that we exploit hardware\r\nacceleration for the expensive visibility sorting which is bene-\r\nficial over time due to the faster performance increase of GPUs over\r\nCPUs. Due to the simplicity of the algorithm and its low requirements\r\non preprocessing and main memory, it is well suited for thin\r\nclients. Last but not least, the approach could easily be extended to\r\nirregular grids using tetrahedra.",
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        "tu_id": null,
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        "title": "Accuracy of Automated Centerline Approximation Algorithms for Lower Extremity Vessels in CTA Phantom",
        "date": "2004-03",
        "abstract": "Purpose: The accurate determination of the central vessel axis is a prerequisite for automated visualization (curved planar reformation) and quantitation. The purpose of this work was to assess the accuracy of different algorithms for automated centerline detection in a phantom simulating the peripheral arterial tree.\r\nMethods and Material: Six algorithms were used to determine the centerline of a synthetic peripheral arterial vessel (aorto-to-pedal arteries, diameter 18-0.6mm) dataset (256x256x600, voxel size 0.5x0.5x0.5mm). They are ray-casting/thresholding (RCT), ray-casting/maximum gradient (RCMG), block matching (BM), fitting to ellipse (FE), center of gravity (CoG), and Randomized Hough transform (RHT). Gaussian noise whith a sigma: 0, 5 and 10 was used to observe the accuracy of the method under noise influence The accuracy of automatic centerline determination was quantified by measuring the error-distance between the derived centerlines, and the known centerline course of the synthetic dataset.\r\nResults: BM demonstrated unacceptable performance in large vessels (>5mm) when the shift used was less than 3 voxels. RCMG demonstrated a greater error (mean of the error 4.73mm) in large diameter (>15mm) vessels than in small diameter (<15mm) vessels (mean of the error 0.64mm). Because RHT and FE use Canny edge detector preprocessing, both are sensitive to noise. CoG and RCT keep the mean of the error-distance significantly smaller (0.7mm and 0.9mm respectively) than all other algorithms.\r\nConclusion: CoG and RCT algorithms provide the most efficient centerline approximation over a wide range of vessel diameters. ",
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        "booktitle": "European Congres of Radiology",
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        "organization": "Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms, Vienna University of Technology",
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        "title": "The Sensitive Sample",
        "date": "2004-03",
        "abstract": "This paper describes Sensitive Samples - everyday artifacts\r\nturned into tangible user interfaces, while preserving\r\ntheir original look. The solution presented is inexpensive\r\nand is build on fairly simple technology. The system supports\r\nmultiple samples simultaneously. Sensitive Samples\r\nwere tested at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. Various\r\nobjects, ranging from a simple paper cube up to complex architecture\r\nmodels were turned into sensitive samples. The\r\ntechnical realization and two application examples - The\r\nControl Cube and Materialkammer - are described in the\r\npaper. The Control Cube can be used to trigger six different\r\nactions. Materialkammer describes an inspirational\r\nlearning environment where architecture students can get\r\nfamiliar with materials in an unconventional way.",
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        "booktitle": "Proceedings of Beyond Wand and Glove Based Interaction 2004",
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        "id": "knapp-2004-semi",
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        "title": "Semi-Automatic Topology Independent Contour-Based 2 1/2 D Segmentation Using Live-Wire",
        "date": "2004-02",
        "abstract": "In general three-dimensional segmentation algorithms assume objects to have connected homogeneous regions.\r\nHowever in some cases objects are defined by a fuzzy boundary surface and consist of an inhomogeneous\r\ninternal structure. In the following a new three-dimensional segmentation technique exploiting the contour\r\ndetection capabilities of live-wire is proposed. The algorithm consists of two basic steps. First contours are\r\noutlined by the user on a small number of planar cross-sections through the object using live-wire. Second the\r\ntraced contours are used for reconstructing the object surface automatically in each slice using live-wire again.\r\nThis user-friendly segmentation algorithm is independent from object topology as the topology is implicitly\r\ndefined during the reconstruction process.",
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        "booktitle": "Journal of WSCG, Vol. 12, Number 2",
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    {
        "id": "Straka-2004-BSA",
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        "title": "Bone Segmentation in CT-Angiography Data Using a Probabilistic Atlas",
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        "abstract": "Automatic segmentation of bony structures in CT angiography datasets is an essential pre-processing step necessary for most visualization and analysis tasks. Since traditional density and gradient operators fail in non-trivial cases (or at least require extensive operator work), we propose a new method for segmentation of CTA data based on a probabilistic atlas. Storing densities and marks of previously manually segmented tissues to the atlas can constitute a statistical information base for latter accurate segmentation. In order to eliminate dimensional and anatomic variability of the atlas input datasets, these have to be spatially normalized (registered) first by applying a non-rigid transformation. After this transformation, densities and tissue masks are statistically processed (e.g averaged) within the atlas. Records in the atlas can be later evaluated for estimating the probability of bone tissue in a voxel of an unsegmented dataset.",
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        "keywords": [
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    {
        "id": "Kanitsar-2004-Dia",
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        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Diagnostic Relevant Visualization of Vascular Structures",
        "date": "2004-01",
        "abstract": "Traditional volume visualization techniques sometimes provide incomplete\r\nclinical information needed for applications in medical visualization.\r\nIn the area of vascular visualization important features such as the lumen of a\r\ndiseased vessel segment may not be visible. One way to display vascular structures\r\nfor diagnostic purposes is to generate longitudinal cross-sections in order to\r\nshow their lumen, wall, and surrounding tissue in a curved plane. Curved planar\r\nreformation (CPR) has proven to be an acceptable practical solution. We discuss\r\nfour different methods to generate CPR images from single vessel segments: Projected\r\nCPR, stretched CPR, straightened CPR, and helical CPR. Furthermore we\r\ninvestigate three different methods for displaying vascular trees: Multi-path projected\r\nCPR, multi-path stretched CPR, and untangled CPR. The principle concept\r\nof each method is discussed and detailed information for the realization is given.\r\n                 In addition the properties, advantages and disadvantages of each method are summarized.",
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