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        "title": "Guided Visual Analytics for Decision Making under Uncertainty",
        "date": "2026-03",
        "abstract": "Visual Analytics (VA) has emerged from the need to optimize decision making by involving human reasoning in sense making. The development of VA has been facilitated by significant technological advances in modern computer graphics and data processing capabilities. Involving humans in the loop aims to address high-risk scenarios where artificial intelligence (AI) automated approaches are insufficient. One active area of research with VA is the development of methods that enable the user to make efficient and effective decisions under high uncertainty. Yet, the field of VA research has not fully understood how user attitude, namely trust and confidence, interplay in VA decision making under uncertainty. Properties of the user attitude play a crucial role in optimizing VA decision making, but they are challenging to externalize and evaluate. For instance, user confidence in their decision emerges as an important indicator of effectiveness when the correctness of the decision cannot be measured. In this dissertation, we explore the use of guidance techniques to address uncertainties in VA decision making, focusing on scenarios where the correctness of decisions cannot be definitively established. Throughout this work, we learned that a multidimensional guidance mechanism can address uncertainties more effectively when uncertainties are challenging to quantify and visualize, especially in the case of subjective uncertainty. However, evaluating the effectiveness of guidance approaches requires a more comprehensive analysis of the interplay between trust and confidence within the sense-making process. Using provenance networks and SNA metrics can provide a more reliable and comprehensive assessment of user confidence, indicating that such approaches can be employed to support co-adaptive guidance.",
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        "title": "3D Style Transfer: Lifting 2D Methods to 3D and Enabling Interactive Guidance",
        "date": "2026",
        "abstract": "3D style transfer refers to altering the visual appearance of 3D objects and scenes to match a given (artistic) style, usually provided as an image. 3D style transfer presents significant potential in streamlining the creation of 3D assets such as game environment props, VFX elements, or largescale virtual scenes. However, it faces challenges such as ensuring multi-view consistency, respecting computational and memory constraints, and enabling artist control. In this dissertation, we propose three methods that aim at stylizing 3D assets while addressing these challenges. We focus on optimization-based methods due to the higher quality of results compared to single-pass methods. 0ur contributions advance the state-of-the-art by introducing: (i) novel surface-aware CNN operators for direct mesh texturing, (ii) the first Gaussian Splatting (GS) method capable of transferring both high-frequency details and large scale patterns, and (iii) an interactive method that allows directional and region-based control over the stylization process. Each of these methods outperforms existing baselines in visual fidelity and robustness. Across three complementary projects, we explore different facets of 3D style transfer. In the first project, we propose a method that creates textures directly on the surface of a mesh. By replacing the standard 2D convolution and pooling layers in a pre-trained 2D CNN with surface-based operations, we achieve seamless, multi-view-consistent texture synthesis without relying on proxy 2D images. In the second project, we transfer both high-frequency and large-scale patterns using GS, while addressing representation-specific artifacts such as oversized or elongated Gaussians. Furthermore, we design a style loss capable of transferring style patterns at multiple scales, resulting in visually appealing stylized scenes that preserve both intricate details and large-scale motifs. In the third project, we propose an interactive method that allows users to guide stylization by drawing lines to control pattern direction, and painting regions on both the 3D surface and style image to specify where and how specific style patterns should be applied. Through our extensive qualitative and quantitative evaluations, we show that our methods surpass state-of-the-art techniques. We also demonstrate their robustness across diverse 3D objects, scenes, and styles, highlighting the flexibility of the presented methods. Future work may explore extensions such as geometry modification for style-driven shape changes, more efficient !arge-scale pattern synthesis, temporal coherence in dynamic or video-based scenes, and refined interactive controls informed by direct artist feedback to better integrate creative intent into the stylization pipeline.",
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    {
        "id": "Machegger2018DTI",
        "type_id": "masterthesis",
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        "repositum_id": "20.500.12708/215536",
        "title": "Evaluating the impact of parameter tuning on glioblastoma segmentation using deep learning",
        "date": "2025",
        "abstract": "Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, characterized by rapid growth and infiltration into surrounding brain tissue. Precise segmentation of GBM, particularly the contrast-enhancing region and necrotic (non-contrast-enhaning) core, is critical for surgical planning and treatment. Manual segmentation methods are time-consuming and subject to high interrater variability, necessitating automated approaches for greater consistency.Objective: This thesis aims to optimize key parameters in deep learning-based segmentation of glioblastomas, focusing on the impact of Batch size, data augmentation strategies, and the number of training cases on model performance, along with tuning the Focal Weight Factor in the Combined Loss Function. The goal is to improve the accuracy of segmenting clinically relevant tumor regions.Methods: In this study, 3D U-Net models were trained using the BraTS Challenge dataset, which includes multimodal MRI scans (T1 post-contrast, FLAIR, and T2) with expert-labeled segmentations reviewed by a neuroradiologist to eliminate interrater variability. The models were evaluated on 108 unseen clinical cases from patients at the University Hospital Salzburg to assess their generalization capability and performance. Segmentation accuracy was measured using Intersection over Union (IoU) and a Custom Weighted Dice Score, focusing on Dice coefficients for the contrast-enhancing and non-contrast-enhancing tumor. Four Case Groups (80, 160, 240, and 314) were used to examine the effect of Case Group size on performance.Results: Models trained with Batch size of four consistently ranked among the top performers, with 80% making it into the top 10, suggesting that larger Batch sizes contribute to better generalization and stability as number of training cases increase. However, augmentations generally resulted in worse performance, except for one outlier—the best performing model—trained with a 1:1 ratio of augmentations to originals, Case Group 314, and a Batch size of one, which performed exceptionally well.Conclusion: Augmentations with a ratio of 1:3 performed poorly, particularly when three variants of one original were included in a Batch size of four, leading to overfitting. This suggests a lack of diversity within the batches caused the model to overfit, whereas a strategy mixing different augmentations within each batch led to better generalization. Case Group 314 models performed best, highlighting the importance of more training data for improved performance.",
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        "title": "From Interactions to Integrated Actions: Exploring Active Perception and Inter-Modality in Data Physicalization",
        "date": "2025",
        "abstract": "The growing field of data physicalization holds significant potential for integrating user actionsdirectly into the sense making process through physical artifacts. Two promising factors for physical, as opposed to virtual representations, are physical interaction and multimodal perception. Unmediated interaction in the physical space allows users to manipulate and explore dataphysicalizations in a natural way, harnessing a user’s actions to encode and decode information ina different way than purely virtual representations. In this dissertation, I explore the incorporation of user action as a means of manipulation and perception into data physicalizations, moving from representations where perception only happens after physical interactions, to representations where physical interactions directly stimulate the user’s perception. I investigate four distinct types of user interactions with data physicalizations and show how each of them can support human perception in different ways. Firstly, I show how a modular 3D representation of dynamic data can leverage physical embodiment using natural spatial perception.I demonstrate this by creating a simple interactive physical representation of a space-time-cubemetaphor and investigating it in a case study with a domain expert. Secondly, I investigate the influence of construction — an intuitively physical interaction in the physical space — of apre-defined physical representation on human perception. I show this by designing a networkdata physicalization toolkit and conducting a between-subject study, comparing different ways to instruct a user during construction. Thirdly, I introduce tactile perception of the elastic properties of an object in a multi-modal representation of volume data. I showcase this at the hands of a fabrication pipeline that creates elastic artifacts from volume data using consumer-level 3D printing and validate the method through computational, mechanical, and perceptualstudies. Finally, I explore the benefits of manually operating a physical representation of adynamic process, leveraging the tactile feedback to the user for information encoding. By means of a between-subject user study, I show that integrating a user’s actions into a representation significantly increases engagement.Overall, the results show that even a simple physicalization can highlight the perceptual benefits of physically encoding data by ways of natural perception. Abstract representations have to be learned by users but can be supported by physical interactions, while embodied metaphors profit from direct interactivity if the stimulus fits the sensory capabilities.",
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        "title": "Live Ambient Physicalization Interface for dynamic Data - LAMPI",
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        "abstract": "Data physicalizations are becoming increasingly popular as a means of connecting people to abstract data and may help integrate the flood of information collected by modern technology into our everyday lives. In this thesis, I describe the design process for a software framework facilitating the physicalization of a stream of live data as well as the prototype of a dynamic shape and color-changing data physicalization for said data. I simulated elderly patients sharing their data using a recorded dataset to show the capabilities of the software framework and physicalization. The proposed concept provides a new method for communicating data in remote monitoring scenarios that can be built from accessible materials. It is also capable of showcasing data for other use cases with minimal adaptations, further expanding the possibilities for data physicalization.",
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        "title": "Investigating the Effect of Operation Mode and Manifestation on Physicalizations of Dynamic Processes",
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        "abstract": "We conducted a study to systematically investigate the communication of complex dynamic processes along a two-dimensional design space, where the axes represent a representation's manifestation (physical or virtual) and operation (manual or automatic). We exemplify the design space on a model embodying cardiovascular pathologies, represented by a mechanism where a liquid is pumped into a draining vessel, with complications illustrated through modifications to the model. The results of a mixed-methods lab study with 28 participants show that both physical manifestation and manual operation have a strong positive impact on the audience's engagement. The study does not show a measurable knowledge increase with respect to cardiovascular pathologies using manually operated physical representations. However, subjectively, participants report a better understanding of the process—mainly through non-visual cues like haptics, but also auditory cues. The study also indicates an increased task load when interacting with the process, which, however, seems to play a minor role for the participants. Overall, the study shows a clear potential of physicalization for the communication of complex dynamic processes, which only fully unfold if observers have to chance to interact with the process.",
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        "title": "A Taxonomy-Driven Model for Designing Educational Games in Visualization",
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        "title": "Ten Open Challenges in Medical Visualization ",
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        "abstract": "Real-world sculptures that display patient imaging data for anatomical education purposes have seen a recent resurgence through the field of data physicalization. In this paper, we describe an automated process for the computer-assisted generation of sculptures that can be employed for anatomical education among the general population. We propose a workflow that supports non-expert users to generate and physically display volumetric medical data in a visually appealing and engaging way. Our approach generates slide-based, interactive sculptures-called volograms-that resemble holograms of underlying medical data. The volograms are made out of affordable and readily available materials (e.g., transparent foils and cardboard) and can be produced through commonly available means. To evaluate the educational value of the proposed approach with our target audience, we assess the volograms, as opposed to classical, on-screen medical visualizations in a user study. The results of our study, while highlighting current weaknesses of our physicalization, also point to interesting future directions.",
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    {
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        "title": "PREVIS: Predictive visual analytics of anatomical variability for radiotherapy decision support",
        "date": "2021-04",
        "abstract": "adiotherapy (RT) requires meticulous planning prior to treatment, where the RT plan is optimized with organ delineations on a pre-treatment Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the patient. The conventionally fractionated treatment usually lasts several weeks. Random changes (e.g., rectal and bladder filling in prostate cancer patients) and systematic changes (e.g., weight loss) occur while the patient is being treated. Therefore, the delivered dose distribution may deviate from the planned. Modern technology, in particular image guidance, allows to minimize these deviations, but risks for the patient remain.\n\nWe present PREVIS, a visual analytics tool for:\n\n(i) the exploration and prediction of changes in patient anatomy during the upcoming treatment, and\n\n(ii) the assessment of treatment strategies, with respect to the anticipated changes.\n\nRecords of during-treatment changes from a retrospective imaging cohort with complete data are employed in PREVIS, to infer expected anatomical changes of new incoming patients with incomplete data, using a generative model. Abstracted representations of the retrospective cohort partitioning provide insight into an underlying automated clustering, showing main modes of variation for past patients. Interactive similarity representations support an informed selection of matching between new incoming patients and past patients. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based generative model describes the predicted spatial probability distributions of the incoming patient’s organs in the upcoming weeks of treatment, based on observations of past patients. The generative model is interactively linked to treatment plan evaluation, supporting the selection of the optimal treatment strategy.\n\nWe present a usage scenario, demonstrating the applicability of PREVIS in a clinical research setting, and we evaluate our visual analytics tool with eight clinical researchers.",
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        "title": "Semi-automatic vessel detection for challenging cases of peripheral arterial disease ",
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        "abstract": "Objectives: Manual or semi-automated segmentation of the lower extremity arterial tree in patients with Pe-ripheral arterial disease (PAD) remains a notoriously difﬁcult and time-consuming task. The complex manifes-tations of the disease, including discontinuities of the vascular ﬂow channels, the presence of calciﬁed atherosclerotic plaque in close vicinity to adjacent bone, and the presence of metal or other imaging artifacts currently preclude fully automated vessel identiﬁcation. New machine learning techniques may alleviate this challenge, but require large and reasonably well segmented training data. \nMethods: We propose a novel semi-automatic vessel tracking approach for peripheral arteries to facilitate and accelerate the creation of annotated training data by expert cardiovascular radiologists or technologists, while limiting the number of necessary manual interactions, and reducing processing time. After automatically clas-sifying blood vessels, bones, and other tissue, the relevant vessels are tracked and organized in a tree-like structure for further visualization. \nResults: We conducted a pilot (N = 9) and a clinical study (N = 24) in which we assess the accuracy and required time for our approach to achieve sufﬁcient quality for clinical application, with our current clinically established workﬂow as the standard of reference. Our approach enabled expert physicians to readily identify all clinically relevant lower extremity arteries, even in problematic cases, with an average sensitivity of 92.9%, and an average speciﬁcity and overall accuracy of 99.9%. \nConclusions: Compared to the clinical workﬂow in our collaborating hospitals (28:40 ± 7:45 [mm:ss]), our approach (17:24 ± 6:44 [mm:ss]) is on average 11:16 [mm:ss] (39%) faster.   ",
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        "title": "Visual Analysis of Defects",
        "date": "2021",
        "abstract": "In everyday life, we use many objects on which we rely and expect them to work correctly. We use phones to communicate with friends, bicycles to commute, payment cards to buy groceries. However, due to defects, these objects may fail at some time, leading to adverse outcomes. Modern industry continually improves the quality of outputs (e.g., products and services) and ensures that they meet their specifications. A common quality management strategy is the defect analysis used to identify and control outputs that do not conform to their specifications. Traditional defect analysis methods are often manual and, therefore, time-consuming procedures. To build more efficient solutions, defect analysis increasingly employs visual analytics techniques. These techniques automatize and enhance the up-to-now manual analysis steps and support new visual approaches for defect representations that resolve existing defects without introducing new ones. In this dissertation, visual analytics techniques applied to defect analysis are referred to as visual analysis of defects. Being a rapidly developing area, the domain of visual analysis of defects is still missing a formalized basis.\n\nThis dissertation presents and discusses a workflow for the visual analysis of defects based on the plan-do-check-act cycle of continual improvement. The workflow consists of four steps: defect prevention, control of defective outputs, performance evaluation, and improvement. During the defect prevention step, domain experts plan the design and development processes to ensure that intended results can be achieved while forecasting risks and opportunities. During the control of defective outputs step, domain experts implement the processes and control defects arising throughout these processes. During the performance evaluation step, domain experts ensure that defective outputs are identified by measuring the object's characteristics. During the improvement step, domain experts explore possible actions that improve the object quality.\n\nThis dissertation presents four solutions that advance the visual analysis of defects at the four distinct steps of the workflow. The first solution corresponds to the defect prevention step and provides a preview of dental treatment. It helps dental technicians to identify the most suitable treatment option and avoid cases when patients are unsatisfied with the results due to poor denture aesthetics. The second solution corresponds to the control of defective outputs step and supports dental technicians in designing aesthetic and functional dentures. The approach provides immediate visual feedback on a change in the denture design, which helps to evaluate how the change affects aesthetics. The third solution corresponds to the performance evaluation step and supports material engineers in investigating the damage mechanism in composite materials. First, the system captures and measures various defects such as matrix fracture, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pull-out, and fiber fracture. Later, users analyze these defects using several interactive visualization techniques. The fourth solution corresponds to the improvement step and visualizes 4D dynamical systems describing various phenomena. The solution enables the 4D representation of dynamical systems and allows the 4D representation to seamlessly transition into, familiar to the user, lower-dimensional plots.",
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        "date_end": "2021",
        "date_start": "2014",
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        "rigorosum": "2021-10-18",
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    {
        "id": "Groeller_V42020",
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        "title": "Medicinae Notitia Visibilis Fac – Quo Vadis?",
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        "abstract": "Medical Visualization is a scientific field that takes advantage of human vision and perception to amplify cognition and gain insight in (complex) medical data. The interdisciplinarity and the diversity of stakeholders and their greatly varying expertises and expectations, make it a demanding area with many overlapping, but distinct domains. Collaboration and communication is challenged by: “Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt“ (Ludwig Wittgenstein). This talk reflects on the feedback from an ad hoc and random sampling of my professional network with comments, e.g., from basic and applied visual and medical computing experts, commercial developers of medical software, clinical researchers and practitioners.",
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        "research_areas": [
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        "id": "Mazza_2020",
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        "title": "Homomorphic-Encrypted Volume Rendering",
        "date": "2020-10-13",
        "abstract": "Computationally demanding tasks are typically calculated in dedicated data centers, and real-time visualizations also follow this trend. Some rendering tasks, however, require the highest level of confidentiality so that no other party, besides the owner, can read or see the sensitive data. Here we present a direct volume rendering approach that performs volume rendering directly on encrypted volume data by using the homomorphic Paillier encryption algorithm. This approach ensures that the volume data by using the homomorphic Paillier encryption algorithm. This approach ensures that the volume data and rendered image are uninterpretable to the rendering server. Our volume rendering pipeline introduces novel approaches for encrypted-data compositing, interpolation, and opacity modulation, as well as simple transfer function design, where each of these routines maintains the highest level of privacy. We present performance and memory overhead analysis that is associated with our privacy-preserving scheme. Our approach is open and secure by design, as opposed to secure through obscurity. Owners of the data only have to keep their secure key confidential to guarantee the privacy of their volume data and the rendered images. Our work is, to our knowledge, the first privacy-preserving remote volume-rendering approach that does not require that any server involved be trustworthy; even in cases when the server is compromised, no sensitive data will be leaked to a foreign party.",
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        "doi": "10.1109/TVCG.2020.3030436",
        "event": "IEEE VIS (SciVis) 2020 conference",
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    {
        "id": "furmanova_2020",
        "type_id": "journalpaper_notalk",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": "20.500.12708/140976",
        "title": "VAPOR: Visual Analytics for the Exploration of Pelvic Organ Variability in Radiotherapy",
        "date": "2020-10",
        "abstract": "In radiation therapy (RT) for prostate cancer, changes in patient anatomy during treatment might lead to inadequate tumor coverage and higher irradiation of healthy tissues in the nearby pelvic organs. Exploring and analyzing anatomical variability throughout the course of RT can support the design of more robust treatment strategies, while identifying patients that are prone to radiation-induced toxicity. We present VAPOR, a novel application for the exploration of pelvic organ variability in a cohort of patients, across the entire treatment process. Our application addresses: (i) the global exploration and analysis of anatomical variability in an abstracted tabular view, (ii) the local exploration and analysis thereof in anatomical 2D/3D views, where comparative and ensemble visualizations are integrated, and (iii) the correlation of anatomical variability with radiation doses and potential toxicity. The workflow is based on available retrospective cohort data, which include segmentations of the bladder, the prostate, and the rectum through the entire treatment period. VAPOR is applied to four usage scenarios, which were conducted with two medical physicists. Our application provides clinical researchers with promising support in demonstrating the significance of treatment adaptation to anatomical changes.",
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        "note": "Special Section on VCBM 2019",
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        "volume": "91",
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    {
        "id": "raidou_slicedice",
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        "title": "Slice and Dice: A PhysicalizationWorkflow for Anatomical Edutainment",
        "date": "2020-10",
        "abstract": "During the last decades, anatomy has become an interesting topic in education—even for laymen or schoolchildren. As medical imaging techniques become increasingly sophisticated, virtual anatomical education applications have emerged. Still, anatomical models are often preferred, as they facilitate 3D localization of anatomical structures. Recently, data physicalizations (i.e., physical visualizations) have proven to be effective and engaging—sometimes, even more than their virtual counterparts. So far, medical data physicalizations involve mainly 3D printing, which is still expensive and cumbersome. We investigate alternative forms of physicalizations, which use readily available technologies (home printers) and inexpensive materials (paper or semi-transparent films) to generate crafts for anatomical edutainment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first computer-generated crafting approach within an anatomical edutainment context. Our approach follows a cost-effective, simple, and easy-to-employ workflow, resulting in assemblable data sculptures (i.e., semi-transparent sliceforms). It primarily supports volumetric data (such as CT or MRI), but mesh data can also be imported. An octree slices the imported volume and an optimization step simplifies the slice configuration, proposing the optimal order for easy assembly. A packing algorithm places the resulting slices with their labels, annotations, and assembly instructions on a paper or transparent film of user-selected size, to be printed, assembled into a sliceform, and explored. We conducted two user studies to assess our approach, demonstrating that it is an initial positive step towards the successful creation of interactive and engaging anatomical physicalizations.",
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        "title": "The Anatomical Edutainer",
        "date": "2020-10",
        "abstract": "Physical visualizations (i.e., data representations by means of physical objects) have been used for many centuries in medical and anatomical education. Recently, 3D printing techniques started also to emerge. Still, other medical physicalizations that rely on affordable and easy-to-find materials are limited, while smart strategies that take advantage of the optical properties of our physical world have not been thoroughly investigated. We propose the Anatomical Edutainer, a workflow to guide the easy, accessible, and affordable generation of physicalizations for tangible, interactive anatomical edutainment. The Anatomical Edutainer supports 2D printable and 3D foldable physicalizations that change their visual properties (i.e., hues of the visible spectrum) under colored lenses or colored lights, to reveal distinct anatomical structures through user interaction.",
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        "title": "Lessons Learnt from Developing Visual Analytics Applications for Adaptive Prostate Cancer Radiotherapy",
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        "abstract": "In radiotherapy (RT), changes in patient anatomy throughout the treatment period might lead to deviations between planned\nand delivered dose, resulting in inadequate tumor coverage and/or overradiation of healthy tissues. Adapting the treatment to\naccount for anatomical changes is anticipated to enable higher precision and less toxicity to healthy tissues. Corresponding\ntools for the in-depth exploration and analysis of available clinical cohort data were not available before our work. In this\npaper, we discuss our on-going process of introducing visual analytics to the domain of adaptive RT for prostate cancer. This\nhas been done through the design of three visual analytics applications, built for clinical researchers working on the deployment\nof robust RT treatment strategies. We focus on describing our iterative design process, and we discuss the lessons learnt from\nour fruitful collaboration with clinical domain experts and industry, interested in integrating our prototypes into their workflow.",
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        "abstract": "Visualizations are essential for anatomical education of the general public. Traditional\nvisualization methods focus on 2D and 3D information representations, either digital\nor printed, but visualizations also have a physical form. Physical visualization is a\nsubdomain of the traditional visualization domain, where the data is represented by\nmeans of a physical object. Physical visualizations have been reported to lead to greater information insights for the interacting user, but a lot of the fabrication methods to create physical visualizations of the anatomy are not accessible for the general public. In\nthis thesis, we present a workflow to ease the process of creating physical visualizations, made out of paper. The proposed workflow can be used to create two different types of anatomical visualizations. First, we generate 2D visualizations, examinable with color\nfilters that enhance the interactivity of the visualization. To encode multiple channels of information from the anatomical structures, a specific method of color blending is used, which enables the users to access the different anatomical structures selectively, without occlusion. That way the users explore the single layers of the printed visualizations using color filters. Second, 3D papercrafts are generated, which are also examinable with color filters. The anatomical model is unfolded on the paper sheet, can be printed and the user can assemble it and examine it under the color lenses, similarly to the 2D case. The papercrafts may be used as an educational toy in school teaching or for entertainment, since they are very easy to produce and to distribute. We present several 2D and 3D examples of the workflow of the Anatomical Entertainer on models for anatomical education.",
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        "title": "BrainGait: Gait Event Detection and Visualization for Robotic Rehabilitation",
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        "abstract": "Mobility impairment in adults is one of most prevalent types of disabilities in developed countries. Gait rehabilitation can be used to regain some or all motor functions, especially after a stroke. In recent years, robot-assisted gait training attracted increasing interest in rehabilitation facilities and scientific research. With this advent of robotic recovery comes the need to objectively measure the patient’s performance. Physiotherapists need essential information about the current status during training and how to improve the patient’s gait, presented in an easy to grasp and compact form. On the other hand, physicians rely on statistical measures in order to evaluate the patient’s progress throughout the therapy. This thesis discusses commonly used visualizations and statistics while proposing improvements and adaptations in the context of PerPedes, a novel robotic gait rehabilitation device. In order to measure the patient’s performance, a new algorithm for gait event detection was developed, based on force data from pressure plates. The following work demonstrates that standard algorithms fail with PerPedes, while the proposed solution can robustly handle highly distorted gait patterns, such as hemiplegic gait, foot drop, or walking backwards. The software application developed during this thesis provides feedback to the therapist and generates suggestions for gait improvement. Furthermore, gait statistics are inferred from each therapy session and collected in order to be used for future analysis and inter-patient comparison.",
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    {
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        "title": "NII Shonan Meeting Report No. 167: Formalizing Biological and Medical Visualization",
        "date": "2020-02",
        "abstract": "Medicine and biology are among the most important research fields, having a significant impact on humans and their health.  For decades, these fields have been highly dependent on visualization—establishing a tight coupling which is crucial for the development of visualization techniques, designed exclusively for the disciplines of medicine and biology.  These visualization techniques can be  generalized  by  the  term  Biological  and  Medical  Visualization—for  short,BioMedical Visualization.  BioMedical Visualization is not only an enabler for medical diagnosis and treatment, but also an influential component of today’s life science research.  Many BioMedical domains can now be studied at various scales and dimensions, with different imaging modalities and simulations, and for a variety of purposes.  Accordingly, BioMedical Visualization has also innumerable contributions in industrial applications.  However, despite its proven scientific maturity and societal value, BioMedical Visualization is often treated within Computer  Science  as  a  mere  application  subdomain  of  the  broader  field  of Visualization.To  enable  BioMedical  Visualization  to  further  thrive,  it  is  important  to formalize its characteristics independently from the general field of Visualization.Also, several lessons learnt within the context of BioMedical Visualization may be applicable and extensible to other application domains or to the parent field of Visualization.  Formalization has become particularly urgent, with the latest advances of BioMedical Visualization—in particular, with respect to dealing with Big Data Visualization, e.g., for the visualization of multi-scale, multi-modal,cohort, or computational biology data.  Rapid changes and new opportunities in  the  field,  also  regarding  the  incorporation  of  Artificial  Intelligence  with“human-in-the-loop” concepts within the field of Visual Analytics, compel further this formalization.  By enabling the BioMedical Visualization community to have intensive discussions on the systematization of current knowledge, we can adequately  prepare ourselves  for  future  prospects  and  challenges,  while  also contributing to the broader Visualization community.\nDuring this 4-day seminar, which was the 150th NII Shonan meeting to be organized, we brought together 25 visualization experts from diverse institutions,backgrounds and expertise to discuss,  identify,  formalize,  and document the specifics of our field.  This has been a great opportunity to cover a range of relevant and contemporary topics, and as a systematic effort towards establishing better fundaments for the field and towards determining novel future challenges.In the upcoming sections of this report, we summarize the content of invited talks and of the eight main topics that were discussed within the working groups during the seminar.",
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        "title": "Visual Analysis of Methods for Processing 3D X-ray Computed Tomography Data of Advanced Composites",
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        "abstract": "Advanced composites have excellent mechanical properties at low weight and can be realized as complex components that can be manufactured quickly and cost-effectively. Due to these outstanding characteristics, these materials are used in many di˙erent areas of industry, such as aviation and automotive. Industrial 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is used as a non-destructive testing (NDT) method to inspect the quality of components and to develop new advanced composite materials. XCT has the ability to determine the inner and outer geometries of a specimen non-destructively. For example, interesting features in fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) such as fibers, pores, and higher-density inclusions can be detected. The high resolutions of modern XCT devices generate large volume datasets, which reveal very fine structures. However, this high information content makes the exploration and analysis of the datasets with conventional methods very diÿcult and time-consuming.\nIn this doctoral thesis, typical NDT application scenarios of advanced composites using XCT are addressed and visual analysis methods and visualization techniques are designed to provide material experts with tools to improve their workflow and to eÿciently analyze the XCT data, so that domain-specific questions can be answered easily and quickly. This work describes a novel visualization system for the interactive exploration and detailed analysis of FRPs, a tool for the visual analysis and evaluation of segmentation filters to accurately determine porosity in FRPs, and a more general system for the visual comparison of interesting features in an ensemble of XCT datasets are presented. The results of the individual visualization systems are presented using real-world and simulated XCT data. The proposed visual analysis methods support the experts in their workflows by enabling improved data analysis processes that are simple, fast, and well-founded, and provide new insights into material characterization with XCT.",
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        "title": "Pelvis Runner: Visualizing Pelvic Organ Variability in a Cohort of Radiotherapy Patients",
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        "abstract": "In radiation therapy, anatomical changes in the patient might lead to deviations between the planned and delivered dose--including inadequate tumor coverage, and overradiation of healthy tissues. Exploring and analyzing anatomical changes throughout the entire treatment period can help clinical researchers to design appropriate treatment strategies, while identifying patients that are more prone to radiation-induced toxicity. We present the Pelvis Runner, a novel application for exploring the variability of segmented pelvic organs in multiple patients, across the entire radiation therapy treatment process. Our application addresses (i) the global exploration and analysis of pelvic organ shape variability in an abstracted tabular view and (ii) the local exploration and analysis thereof in anatomical 2D/3D views, where comparative and ensemble visualizations are integrated. The workflow is based on available retrospective cohort data, which incorporate segmentations of the bladder, the prostate, and the rectum through the entire radiation therapy process. The Pelvis Runner is applied to four usage scenarios, which were conducted with two clinical researchers, i.e., medical physicists. Our application provides clinical researchers with promising support in demonstrating the significance of treatment plan adaptation to anatomical changes.",
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        "abstract": "Pelvic organs such as the bladder, rectum or prostate have highly variable shapes that change over time, due to their soft and flexible tissue and varying filling. Recent clinical work suggests that these variations might affect the effectiveness of radiation therapy treatment in patients with prostate cancer. Although in clinical practice small correction steps are performed to re-align the treated region if the organs are shifted, a more in-depth\nunderstanding and modeling might prove beneficial for the adaptation of the employed treatment planning strategy. To evaluate the viability and to account for the variability in the population of certain treatment strategies, cohort studies are performed analyzing\nthe shape and position variability of pelvic organs. In this thesis, we propose a web-based tool that is able to analyze a cohort of pelvic organs from 24 patients across 13 treatment instances. Hereby we have two goals: On the one hand, we want to support medical researchers analyzing large groups of patients for their shape variability and the possible correlations to side effects. On the other hand, we want to provide support for medical experts performing individual patient treatment planning. Our tool offers both the option to analyze a large cohort of different organ shapes, by first modeling them in a shape space and then analyzing the shape variations on a per-patient basis. While this first part aims at providing users with an overview of the data, we also give them the option to perform a detailed shape analysis, where we highlight the statistically aggregated shape of a patient or a specified group using a contour variability plot. Finally, we demonstrate several possible usage scenarios for our\ntool and perform an informal evaluation with two medical experts. Our tool is the first significant step in supporting medical experts in demonstrating the need for adaptation in radiation therapy treatments to account for shape variability.",
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        "title": "Visual Analytics for the Representation, Exploration and Analysis of High-Dimensional, Multi-Faceted Medical Data",
        "date": "2019-07-17",
        "abstract": "Medicine is among research fields with a significant impact on\nhumans and their health. Already for decades, medicine has established\na tight coupling with the visualization domain, proving the importance\nof developing visualization techniques, designed exclusively for this\nresearch discipline. However, medical data is steadily increasing in\ncomplexity with the appearance of heterogeneous, multi-modal, multiparametric,\ncohort or population, as well as uncertain data. To deal with\nthis kind of complex data, the field of Visual Analytics has emerged.\nIn this chapter, we discuss the many dimensions and facets of medical\ndata. Based on this classification, we provide a general overview of\nstate-of-the-art visualization systems and solutions dealing with highdimensional,\nmulti-faceted data. Our particular focus will be on multimodal,\nmulti-parametric data, on data from cohort or population studies\nand on uncertain data, especially with respect to Visual Analytics\napplications for the representation, exploration, and analysis of highdimensional,\nmulti-faceted medical data.",
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        "abstract": "Advances in neuro-imaging have allowed big brain initiatives and consortia to create vast resources of brain data that can be mined for insights into mental processes and biological principles. Research in this area does not only relate to mind and consciousness, but also to the understanding of many neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism, and anxiety. Exploring the relationships between genes, brain circuitry, and behavior is therefore a key element in research that requires the joint analysis of a heterogeneous set of spatial brain data, including 3D imaging data, anatomical data, and brain networks at varying scales, resolutions, and modalities. Due to high-throughput imaging platforms, this data’s size and complexity goes beyond the state-of-the-art by several orders of magnitude. Current analytical workflows involve time-consuming manual data aggregation and extensive computational analysis in script-based toolboxes. Visual analytics methods for exploring big brain data can support neuroscientists in this process, so they can focus on understanding the data rather than handling it.\nIn this thesis, several contributions that target this problem are presented. The first contribution is a computational method that fuses genetic information with spatial gene expression data and connectivity data to predict functional neuroanatomical maps. These maps indicate, which brain areas might be related to a specific function or behavior. The approach has been applied to predict yet unknown functional neuroanatomy underlying multigeneic behavioral traits identified in genetic association studies and has demonstrated that rather than being randomly distributed throughout the brain, functionally-related gene sets accumulate in specific networks. The second contribution is the creation of a data structure that enables the interactive exploration of big brain network data with billions of edges. By utilizing the resulting hierarchical and spatial organization of the data, this approach allows neuroscientists on-demand queries of incoming/outgoing connections of arbitrary regions of interest on different anatomical scales. These queries would otherwise exceed the limits of current consumer level PCs. The data structure is used in the third contribution, a novel web-based framework to explore neurobiological imaging and connectivity data of different types, modalities, and scale. It employs a query-based interaction scheme to retrieve 3D spatial gene expressions and various types of connectivity to enable an interactive dissection of networks in real-time with respect to their genetic composition. The data is related to a hierarchical organization of common anatomical atlases that enables neuroscientists to compare multimodal networks on different scales in their anatomical context. Furthermore, the framework is designed to facilitate collaborative work with shareable comprehensive workflows on the web.\nAs a result, the approaches presented in this thesis may assist neuroscientists to refine their understanding of the functional organization of the brain beyond simple anatomical domains and expand their knowledge about how our genes affect our mind. ",
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        "title": "State-of-the-Art Report: Visual Computing in Radiation Therapy Planning",
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        "title": "PO-0962 Bladder changes during first week of RT for prostate cancer determine the risk of urinary toxicity",
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        "title": "Interactive Reformation of Fetal Ultrasound Data to a T-Position",
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        "abstract": "Three dimensional ultrasound images are commonly used in prenatal screening. The acquisition delivers detailed information about the skin as well as the inner organs of the fetus. Prenatal screenings in terms of growth analysis are very important to support a healthy development of the fetus. The analysis of this data involves viewing of two dimensional (2D) slices in order to take measurements or calculate the volume and weight of the fetus. These steps involve manual investigation and are dependent on the skills of the person who performs them. These measurements and calculations are very important to analyze the development of the fetus and for the birth preparation.\nUltrasound imaging is a˙ected by artifacts like speckles, noise and also of structures obstructing the regions of interest. These artifacts occur because the imaging technique is using sound waves and their echo to create images. 2D slices as used as basis for the measurement of the fetus therefore might not be the best solution. Analyzing the data in a three dimensional (3D) way would enable the viewer to have a better overview and to better distinguish between artifacts and the real data of the fetus. The growth of a fetus can be analysed by comparing standardized measurements like the crown foot length, the femur length or the derived head circumference as well as the abdominal circumference.\nStandardization is well known in many fields of medicine and is used to enable compa-rability between investigations of the same patient or between patients. Therefore we introduce a standardized way of analyzing 3D ultrasound images of fetuses. Bringing the fetus in a standardized position would enable automatized measurements by the machine and there could also be new measurements applied like the volume of specific body parts. A standardized pose would also provide possibilities to compare the re-sults of di˙erent measurements of one fetus as well as the measurements of di˙erent fetuses.\nThe novel method consists of six steps, namely the loading of the data, the preprocessing, the rigging of the model, the weighting of the data, the actual transformation called the \"Vitruvian Baby\" and at the end the analysis of the result. We tried to automatize the workflow as far as possible resulting in some manual tasks and some automatic ones. The loading of the data works with standard medical image formats and the preprocessing involves some interaction in order to get rid of the ultrasound induced artifacts. Transforming data into a specific position is a complex task which might involve a manual processing steps. In the method presented in this work one step of the transformation namely the rigging of the model, where a skeleton is placed in the data, is performed manually. The weighting as well as the transformation although are performed completely automatically resulting in a T-pose representation of the data.\nWe analysed the performance of our novel approach in several ways. We first use a phantom model which has been used as a reference already presented in a T-pose. After using seven di˙erent fetus poses of the model as input the result was an average of 79,02%voxel overlapping between the output of the method and the goal T-pose. When having a look at the similarity of the finger to finger span and the head to toe measurement we considered a value of 91,08% and 94,05% in average. The time needed for the most complex manual task was in average seven minutes. After using a phantom model of a man, we also assessed the performance of the method using a computer model of a fetus and a phantom model of a 3D ultrasound investigation. The results also look very promising.",
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        "title": "Guided Data Cleansing of Large Connectivity Matrices",
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        "abstract": "Understanding the organization principle of the brain and its function is a continuing\nquest in neuroscience and psychiatry. Thus, understanding how the brain works, how\nit is functionally, structurally correlated as well as how the genes are expressed within the brain is one of the most important aims in neuroscience. The Biomedical Image Analysis Group at VRVis developed with the Wulf Haubensak Group at the Institute of Molecular Medicine an interactive framework that allows the real time exploration of large brain connectivity networks on multiple scales. The networks, represented as connectivity matrices, can be up to hundreds of  gigabytes, and are too large to hold in\ncurrent machines’ memory. Moreover, these connectivity matrices are redundant and\nnoisy. A cleansing step to threshold noisy connections and group together similar rows\nand columns can decrease the required size and thus ease the computations in order to\nmine the matrices. However, the choice of a good threshold and similarity value is not a trivial task. This document presents a visual guided cleansing tool. The sampling is based on random sampling within the anatomical brain hierarchies on a user-defined global hierarchical level and sampling size ratio. This tool will be a step in the connectivity matrices preprocessing pipeline. ",
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        "title": "WithTeeth: Denture Preview in Augmented Reality",
        "date": "2018-10",
        "abstract": "Dentures are prosthetic devices replacing missing or damaged teeth, often used for dental reconstruction. Dental reconstruction improves the functional state and aesthetic appearance of teeth. State-of-the-art methods used by dental technicians typically do not include the aesthetic analysis, which often leads to unsatisfactory results for patients. In this paper, we present a virtual mirror approach for a dental treatment preview in augmented reality. Different denture presets are visually evaluated and compared by switching them on the fly. Our main goals are to provide a virtual dental treatment preview to facilitate early feedback, and hence to build the confidence and trust of patients in the outcome. The workflow of our algorithm is as follows. First, the face is detected and 2D facial landmarks are extracted. Then, 3D pose estimation of upper and lower jaws is performed and high-quality 3D models of the upper and lower dentures are fitted. The fitting uses the occlusal plane angle as determined manually by dental technicians. To provide a realistic impression of the virtual teeth, the dentures are rendered with motion blur. We demonstrate the robustness and visual quality of our approach by comparing the results of a webcam to a DSLR camera under natural, as well as controlled lighting conditions.",
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        "title": "VisualFlatter - Visual Analysis of Distortions in the Projection of Biomedical Structures",
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        "abstract": "Projections of complex anatomical or biological structures from 3D to 2D are often used by visualization and domain experts\nto facilitate inspection and understanding. Representing complex structures, such as organs or molecules, in a simpler 2D\nway often requires less interaction, while enabling comparability. However, the most commonly employed projection methods\nintroduce size or shape distortions, in the resulting 2D representations. While simple projections display known distortion\npatterns, more complex projection algorithms are not easily predictable.We propose the VisualFlatter, a visual analysis tool that\nenables visualization and domain experts to explore and analyze projection-induced distortions, in a structured way. Our tool\nprovides a way to identify projected regions with semantically relevant distortions and allows users to comparatively analyze\ndistortion outcomes, either from alternative projection methods or due to different setups through the projection pipeline. The\nuser is given the ability to improve the initial projection configuration, after comparing different setups. We demonstrate the\nfunctionality of our tool using four scenarios of 3D to 2D projections, conducted with the help of domain or visualization experts\nworking on different application fields. We also performed a wider evaluation with 13 participants, familiar with projections,\nto assess the usability and functionality of the Visual Flatter.",
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        "title": "Automated Visual Assessment of Osteoarthritis",
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        "abstract": "Computer-aided visualisations are a powerful tool to make large datasets more accessible. Artificial intelligence (AI) also offers diverse ways in which to extract semantic values from large data stocks. It enables users to analyse records in ways that often exceed conventional methods in their specificity and accuracy.\nMedicine - more specifically those specialisations requiring imaging methods - are in need of sophisticated visualisation techniques. Our team at ImageBiopsy Lab [Lju17] runs development and research in the field of AI aided visualisations in medicine. For my thesis I developed a system for measuring the joint space in x-rays of the knee, based on existing concepts. Results of the measurements are processed and presented to the user as an augmented picture. This is achieved by employing different layers of graphical\noverlays on top of the original image. All measurements are based on parameters of the\nKellgren and Lawrence System (KLS) for classification of Osteoarthritis (OA).\nThe proposed method enables its users to asses the stage and tendency of OA in the\nknee at first glance as compared to conventional methods, which can be tedious and time-consuming. Calculated focus points in the mask layers can also be adjusted in\nreal time to accommodate for statistical outliers. The system was incorporated into\nan existing web-based framework which already demonstrates its potential in a clinical environment.",
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        "title": "Web-Based Osteoarthritis-Analysis Generating Data from Native Libraries and Machine-Learning Models",
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        "abstract": "As artificial intelligence (AI) progresses with seemingly unstoppable speed, its wide field of applications broadens by the day. One area where AI advancements appear to be\nespecially promising is their employment in the medical sector. Nowadays, due to the\nwider availability of processing power, algorithms based on neuronal networks can be used to generate far more data in areas where it previously seemed unthinkable.\nTraditional image-processing-algorithms often utilize computer vision (CV)-algorithms such as edge-detection to generate data from pixel input. While this method of gaining data worked well in the past, AI can help to improve the precision of such an analysis. The area I focussed on in this thesis is the generation of data from x-ray images of the knee joint. ImageBiopsy Lab (IB Lab)’s algorithms relied heavily on CV-based analysis\nfor the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) in the knee. While this yielded good results in the past, this work will show that the use of deep neuronal networks improves accuracy in a significant way.\nFurther, neuronal networks can provide additional information that was a lot harder to be gained before, such as the laterality of a given image.\nThe aim of this project was to diagnose OA faster and more precisely than in the\npast and to embed it into a web-based solution for broader accessibility. To showcase the benefits of the described method, at the time of writing, our software is in the stage of\nbeing rolled out in a hospital in Lower Austria.\nBecause of the advancements mentioned above, this work will focus on the description and comparison of gaining information from x-ray images for a meaningful and efficient diagnosis of OA in the knee. ",
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        "abstract": "This master thesis aims to provide an in-depth comparison of four texture algorithms\nin their capacity of discriminating patients with osteoarthritis (OA) from the ones without, recognizing early signs of Osteoarthritis and tracking disease progression from 2D radiographs of the knee trabecular bone (TB). Given the fractal properties of the trabecular bone (TB), two fractal-based algorithms (Bone Variance Value (BVV) and Bone Score Value (BSV)) that try to characterize the complexity of the underlying 3D structure of the bone are presented. The third algorithm (Bone Entropy Value (BEV), based on Shannon’s Entropy) stems from the information theory and aims to describe the bone structure in terms of information complexity. The last algorithm (Bone Coocurrence Value (BCV)) is based on the co-occurrence matrix of an image and describes the image texture in terms of certain Haralick features. If successful, such algorithms posses a great potential to lower the costs (financial, time) associated with the diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) through automation of the procedure, and with the treatment. The earlier treatments and risk reduction measures are less costly than the\nprocedures involved due to a more advanced stage of the disease (surgery, implants, etc.).\nFirst, a motivation for the detection of early osteoarthritis (OA) is given. Second, a detailed description and mathematical background of the algorithms are presented and validated on sample, artificial data. Third, the employed data sets used for classification tests are introduced. Fourth, the statistical methods and neural network models employed are presented and discussed. Fifth, the features produced by each algorithm are discussed and their independent and combined capacity of discriminating between bones with early signs of OA and healthy bones. Also the capacity of tracking OA progression\nthrough the years is quantified by statistical tests. Also in this part we present the best classification scores obtained from the most optimal neural networks for each use case. Finally, thoughts on future improvements and the generalization of the algorithms in other anatomical contexts, for other diseases or in other fields, like histology and\nmammography, are made.\nIn this work we show that the state-of-the-art in OA prediction can be surpassed by\nutilizing only models based on texture features alone. Our gender-stratified analysis produces a prediction score of 83% for males and 81% for females in terms of Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC-AUC).",
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        "abstract": "The most common cancer among the female population in the economically developed\nworld is breast cancer. To significantly reduce the mortality among affected women, an early diagnosis is essential, and also treatment strategies need to be selected carefully. Clinical researchers working on the selection of chemotherapy treatment need to analyze the progress of the disease during and after treatment and to understand how different groups of patients respond to selected treatments. Currently this is a difficult task because of the multitude of involved (imaging and non-imaging) data, for which adequate\nvisualizations are required. The aim of this work is to help clinical researchers working on the analysis of the progress of chemotherapy to understand and explore the multitude of data they have.\nThis thesis introduces a web-based framework realizing three tasks of exploring and analyzing imaging and non-imaging data of breast cancer patients in a cohort. A functionality for single patient follow-up studies (intra-patient study), a functionality to compare two different patients (pairwise inter-patient study) and a functionality to compare groups of patients (groupwise inter-patient study) are provided to enable an easier exploration and analysis of the available multivariate cohort data. To begin with, the imaging and non-imaging data underwent some preprocessing steps, such as\nregistration, segmentation and calculation of tumor probability maps, to make them\ncomparable. Afterwards, we carefully designed and implemented several multiple linked views, where interactive representations show distinct aspects of the data from which the clinical researcher can understand and analyze the available cohort data. A number of use cases to demonstrate the results that can be achieved with the provided framework are\nperformed and they illustrate the functionality and also the importance of the designed and implemented visual analytics framework. Using this framework, clinical researchers are able to visually explore and analyze the multitude of both imaging and non-imaging data of a patient and compare patients within a cohort, which was not possible before with any available exploratory tools.",
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        "title": "Automatic Breast Lesion Evaluation for Comparative Studies",
        "date": "2018-05-18",
        "abstract": "Breast cancer is the most common cancer with a high mortality rate. Neoadjuvant\nchemotherapie is conducted before surgery to reduce the breast tumor mass. Currently,\na lot of trials are taking place, with the purpose of understanding the effects of different chemotherapy strategies. In this work a software is developed to analyse and compare the influence of these treatments. The study data is available as 4D Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging data. To reduce the time of manual segmentation and the connection of segmented lesions over time a automatic procedure was implemented. This process uses the time-signal intensity curve and a support vector machine to classify\nlesions with calculated morphological features. To analyse the data, two views are available. The Intra-patient view visualizes the tumor behaviour of an individual patient over time. With the Multi-patient view the user is able to compare multiple patients’ lesions and additional added patient data. Both views are implemented with JavaScript and can be expanded easily. Because of missing ground truth an evaluation of the automatic segmentation method was not possible.",
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        "title": "Comparative Visualization of Pelvic Organ Segmentations",
        "date": "2018-03",
        "abstract": "Automatic segmentation of pelvic organs plays a major role in prostate cancer treatment and has high accuracy requirements. Segmentation experts are continuously working on improving their algorithms. However, natural anatomical variability of organs and structures is a common reason for which segmentation algorithms fail. Understanding why\nan algorithm fails in a specific case is of major importance. Segmentation experts expect that the shape and size of the organs can play an important role in the performance of their algorithms, but current means of exploration and analysis are limited and do not provide the necessary insight.\nThis thesis discusses the design and implementation of a web-based application allowing for easy exploration and analysis of shape variability in order to generate hypotheses about the relation between algorithm performance and shape of organs. A new way of comparatively visualizing multiple organs of multiple patients is introduced for a detailed shape comparison. The application was tested with segmentation meshes of a cohort of\n17 patients, each consisting of four pelvic organs and two organ-interfaces, which are\nlabeled and have per-triangle correspondence. The proposed tools already allow users to quickly identify mis-segmented organs and hypothesize about the relation of variability to anatomical features as well as segmentation quality. The approach was applied on pelvic organ segmentations, but it can be extended to other applications like comparison\nof segmentation algorithms or analysis of anatomical variability in general.",
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        "title": "Visual Analytics for the Exploration and Assessment  of Segmentation Errors",
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        "abstract": "Several diagnostic and treatment procedures require the segmentation of anatomical structures from medical images. However, the automatic model-based methods that are often employed, may produce inaccurate segmentations. These, if used as input for diagnosis or treatment, can have detrimental effects for the patients. Currently, an analysis to predict which anatomic regions are more prone to inaccuracies, and to determine how to improve segmentation algorithms, cannot be performed. We propose a visual tool to enable experts, working on model-based segmentation algorithms, to explore and analyze the outcomes and errors of their methods. Our approach supports the exploration of errors in a cohort of pelvic organ segmentations, where the\nperformance of an algorithm can be assessed. Also, it enables the detailed exploration and assessment of segmentation errors, in individual subjects. To the best of our knowledge, there is no other tool with comparable functionality. A usage scenario is employed to explore and illustrate the capabilities of our visual tool. To further assess the value of the proposed tool, we performed an evaluation with five segmentation experts. The evaluation participants confirmed the potential of the tool in providing new insight into their data and employed algorithms. They also gave feedback for future improvements.",
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        "title": "Aortic Dissection Maps: Comprehensive Visualization of Aortic Dissections for Risk Assessment",
        "date": "2016-09",
        "abstract": "Aortic dissection is a life threatening condition of the aorta, characterized by separation of its wall layers into a true and false lumen. A subset of patients require immediate surgical or endovascular repair. All survivors of the acute phase need long-term surveillance with imaging to monitor chronic degeneration and dilatation of the false lumen and prevent late adverse events such as rupture, or malperfusion. We introduce four novel plots displaying features of aortic dissections known or presumed to be associated with risk of future adverse events: Aortic diameter, the blood supply (outflow) to the aortic branches from the true and false lumen, the previous treatment, and an estimate of adverse event-free probabilities in one, two and 5 years. Aortic dissection maps, the composite visualization of these plots, provide a baseline for visual comparison of the complex features and associated risk of aortic dissection. These maps may lead to more individualized monitoring and improved, patient-centric treatment planning in the future.",
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        "title": "Comparative Visualization of the Circle of Willis",
        "date": "2016-06",
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    {
        "id": "karimov-2016-GIVE",
        "type_id": "phdthesis",
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        "title": "Guided Interactive Volume Editing in Medicine",
        "date": "2016-06",
        "abstract": "Various medical imaging techniques, such as Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Ultrasonic Imaging, are now gold standards in the diagnosis of different diseases.\nThe diagnostic process can be greatly improved with the aid of automatic and interactive analysis tools, which, however, require certain prerequisites in order to operate.\nSuch analysis tools can, for example, be used for pathology assessment, various standardized measurements, treatment and operation planning.\nOne of the major requirements of such tools is the segmentation mask of an object-of-interest.\nHowever, the segmentation of medical data remains subject to errors and mistakes.\nOften, physicians have to manually inspect and correct the segmentation results, as (semi-)automatic techniques do not immediately satisfy the required quality.\nTo this end, interactive segmentation editing is an integral part of medical image processing and visualization.\n\nIn this thesis, we present three advanced segmentation-editing techniques.\nThey are focused on simple interaction operations that allow the user to edit segmentation masks quickly and effectively.\nThese operations are based on a topology-aware representation that captures structural features of the segmentation mask of the object-of-interest.\n\nFirstly, in order to streamline the correction process, we classify segmentation defects according to underlying structural features and propose a correction procedure for each type of defect.\nThis alleviates users from manually applying the proper editing operations, but the segmentation defects still have to be located by users.\n\nSecondly, we extend the basic editing process by detecting regions that potentially contain defects.\nWith subsequently suggested correction scenarios, users are hereby immediately able to correct a specific defect, instead of manually searching for defects beforehand.\nFor each suggested correction scenario, we automatically determine the corresponding region of the respective defect in the segmentation mask and propose a suitable correction operation.\nIn order to create the correction scenarios, we detect dissimilarities within the data values of the mask and then classify them according to the characteristics of a certain type of defect.\nPotential findings are presented with a glyph-based visualization that facilitates users to interactively explore the suggested correction scenarios on different levels-of-detail.\nAs a consequence, our approach even offers users the possibility to fine-tune the chosen correction scenario instead of directly manipulating the segmentation mask, which is a time-consuming and cumbersome task.\n\nThird and finally, we guide users through the multitude of suggested correction scenarios of the entire correction process.\nAfter statistically evaluating all suggested correction scenarios, we rank them according to their significance of dissimilarities, offering fine-grained editing capabilities at a user-specified level-of-detail.\nAs we visually convey this ranking in a radial layout, users can easily spot and select the most (or the least) dissimilar correction scenario, which improves the segmentation mask mostly towards the desired result.\n\nAll techniques proposed within this thesis have been evaluated by collaborating radiologists.\nWe assessed the usability, interaction aspects, the accuracy of the results and the expenditure of time of the entire correction process.\nThe outcome of the assessment showed that our guided volume editing not only leads to acceptable segmentation results with only a few interaction steps, but also is applicable to various application scenarios.",
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        "abstract": "The identification of dissimilar regions in spatial and temporal data is a fundamental part of data exploration.\nThis process takes place in applications, such as biomedical image processing as well as climatic data analysis.\nWe propose a general solution for this task by employing well-founded statistical tools.\nFrom a large set of candidate regions, we derive an empirical distribution of the data and perform statistical hypothesis testing to obtain p-values as measures of dissimilarity.\nHaving p-values, we quantify differences and rank regions on a global scale according to their dissimilarity to user-specified exemplar regions.\nWe demonstrate our approach and its generality with two application scenarios, namely interactive exploration of climatic data and segmentation editing in the medical domain.\nIn both cases our data exploration protocol unifies the interactive data analysis, guiding the user towards regions with the most relevant dissimilarity characteristics.\nThe dissimilarity analysis results are conveyed with a radial tree, which prevents the user from searching exhaustively through all the data.",
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        "title": "Variance Orientation Transform Detection of Early Osteoarthritis in Knee Trabecular Bone",
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        "abstract": "Since the fractal properties of the knee trabecular bone were discovered, fractal methods for analyzing bone surface radiographic projections have gained more attention. This is partly due to the fact that radiography is the cheapest imaging technique in routine clinical screening and partly due to the fact that it was shown that the trabecular bones of osteoarthritic patients indicate early deformations, even long before the  characteristic join loss occurs. The ultimate goal of such an algorithm would be to differentiate healthy from unhealthy trabecular bone.\n\nThis paper presents a report of our implementation of the Variance Orientation\nTransform (VOT) algorithm, a fractal method, which unlike other similar methods, is able to quantify bone texture in different directions and over different scales of measurement.\n\nIt is based on the idea that a single fractal dimension value is not enough to describe such a complex structure as the trabecular bone and thus, VOT calculates more descriptive fractal dimensions called fractal signatures (FSs).\n\nIn Chapters 1 and 2 we introduce the notion of fractals and the theoretical background behind them and the VOT algorithm. In Chapter 3 similar techniques for analyzing trabecular bone are presented and in Chapter 4 our particular attempt at implementing VOT is described in detail; moreover, in the same Chapter VOT is validated using some artificially generated fractal surfaces and the ability of differentiating healthy and affected bone is also investigated. The last Chapter, Chapter 5, covers further\npossible ideas of improving and testing of the algorithm.",
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        "title": "A fluoroscopy-based planning and guidance software tool for minimally invasive hip refixation by cement injection.",
        "date": "2016",
        "abstract": "PURPOSE:\nIn orthopaedics, minimally invasive injection of bone cement is an established technique. We present HipRFX, a software tool for planning and guiding a cement injection procedure for stabilizing a loosening hip prosthesis. HipRFX works by analysing a pre-operative CT and intraoperative C-arm fluoroscopic images.\nMETHODS:\nHipRFX simulates the intraoperative fluoroscopic views that a surgeon would see on a display panel. Structures are rendered by modelling their X-ray attenuation. These are then compared to actual fluoroscopic images which allow cement volumes to be estimated. Five human cadaver legs were used to validate the software in conjunction with real percutaneous cement injection into artificially created periprothetic lesions.\nRESULTS:\nBased on intraoperatively obtained fluoroscopic images, our software was able to estimate the cement volume that reached the pre-operatively planned targets. The actual median target lesion volume was 3.58 ml (range 3.17-4.64 ml). The median error in computed cement filling, as a percentage of target volume, was 5.3% (range 2.2-14.8%). Cement filling was between 17.6 and 55.4% (median 51.8%).\nCONCLUSIONS:\nAs a proof of concept, HipRFX was capable of simulating intraoperative fluoroscopic C-arm images. Furthermore, it provided estimates of the fraction of injected cement deposited at its intended target location, as opposed to cement that leaked away. This level of knowledge is usually unavailable to the surgeon viewing a fluoroscopic image and may aid in evaluating the success of a percutaneous cement injection intervention.",
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        "title": "Visual Quantification of the Circle of Willis: An Automated Identification and Standardized Representation",
        "date": "2016",
        "abstract": "This paper presents a method for the visual quantification of cerebral arteries, known as the Circle of Willis (CoW). It is an arterial structure with the responsibility of supplying the brain with blood, however, dysfunctions can lead to strokes. The diagnosis of such a time-critical/urgent event depends on the expertise of radiologists and the applied software tools. They use basic display methods of the volumetric data without any support of advanced image processing and visualization techniques. The goal of this paper is to present an automated method for the standardized description of cerebral arteries in stroke patients in order to provide an overview of the CoW's configuration. This novel representation provides visual indications of problematic areas as well as straightforward comparisons between multiple patients. Additionally, we offer a pipeline for extracting the CoW from Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography (TOF-MRA) data sets together with an enumeration technique for labelling the arterial segments by detecting the main supplying arteries of the CoW. We evaluated the feasibility of our visual quantification approach in a study of 63 TOF-MRA data sets and compared our findings to those of three radiologists. The obtained results demonstrate that our proposed techniques are effective in detecting the arteries and visually capturing the overall configuration of the CoW.",
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        "journal": "Computer Graphics Forum",
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        "title": "3D-Printing of Fetal Ultrasound",
        "date": "2016",
        "abstract": "The 3D ultrasound in prenatal diagnostics is nowadays a standard investigation in the\nfield of medical informatics. The acquired data can be used in lots of different applications.\nOne of them is to fabricate the fetus model using a 3D printer. The problem here is to\nconvert the given volume data into a structure that can be printed. Current generation\nof 3D printers expect as an input objects defined by closed surfaces. This work handles\nthe problem of how to calculate such surfaces. Our solution relies on the marching cubes\nalgorithm that extracts the surface out of the volume data. The extracted surface is then\nrefined. The last processing step is to save the data into an suitable data format. The\nresults demonstrate that it is possible to print the fetus model from the 3D ultrasound\ndata and that people are able to perceive the face of the fetus in the fabricated objects.",
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    {
        "id": "raidou_eurovis16",
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        "tu_id": null,
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        "title": "Visual Analysis of Tumor Control Models for Prediction of Radiotherapy Response.",
        "date": "2016",
        "abstract": "In radiotherapy, tumors are irradiated with a high dose, while surrounding healthy tissues are spared. To quantify the prob-ability that a tumor is effectively treated with a given dose, statistical models were built and employed in clinical research.These are called tumor control probability (TCP) models. Recently, TCP models started incorporating additional informationfrom imaging modalities. In this way, patient-specific properties of tumor tissues are included, improving the radiobiologicalaccuracy of models. Yet, the employed imaging modalities are subject to uncertainties with significant impact on the modelingoutcome, while the models are sensitive to a number of parameter assumptions. Currently, uncertainty and parameter sensitivityare not incorporated in the analysis, due to time and resource constraints. To this end, we propose a visual tool that enablesclinical researchers working on TCP modeling, to explore the information provided by their models, to discover new knowledgeand to confirm or generate hypotheses within their data. Our approach incorporates the following four main components: (1)It supports the exploration of uncertainty and its effect on TCP models; (2) It facilitates parameter sensitivity analysis to com-mon assumptions; (3) It enables the identification of inter-patient response variability; (4) It allows starting the analysis fromthe desired treatment outcome, to identify treatment strategies that achieve it. We conducted an evaluation with nine clinicalresearchers. All participants agreed that the proposed visual tool provides better understanding and new opportunities for theexploration and analysis of TCP modeling.",
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        "abstract": "This paper presents a method for the visual quantification of cerebral arteries, known as the Circle of Willis (CoW).\nThe CoW is an arterial structure that is responsible for the brain’s blood supply. Dysfunctions of this arterial circle\ncan lead to strokes. The diagnosis relies on the radiologist’s expertise and the software tools used. These tools\nconsist of very basic display methods of the volumetric data without support of advanced technologies in medical\nimage processing and visualization. The goal of this paper is to create an automated method for the standardized\ndescription of cerebral arteries in stroke patients in order to provide an overview of the CoW’s configuration. This novel display provides visual indications of problematic areas as well as straightforward comparisons between\nmultiple patients. Additionally, we offer a pipeline for extracting the CoW from Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance\nAngiography (TOF-MRA) data sets. An enumeration technique for the labeling of the arterial segments is therefore\nsuggested. We also propose a method for detecting the CoW’s main supplying arteries by analyzing the coronal,\nsagittal and transverse image planes of the data sets. We evaluated the feasibility of our visual quantification\napproach in a study of 63 TOF-MRA data sets and compared our findings to those of three radiologists. The obtained results demonstrate that our proposed techniques are effective in detecting the arteries of the CoW.",
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        "abstract": "In real-time volume data acquisition, such as 4D ultrasound, the raw data is challenging to visualize directly\nwithout additional processing. Noise removal and feature detection are common operations, but many methods\nare too costly to compute over the whole volume when dealing with live streamed data. In this paper, we propose\na visibility-driven processing scheme for handling costly on-the-fly processing of volumetric data in real-time. In contrast to the traditional visualization pipeline, our scheme utilizes a fast computation of the potentially visible subset of voxels which significantly reduces the amount of data required to process. As filtering operations modify the data values which may affect their visibility, our method for visibility-mask generation ensures that the set of elements deemed visible does not change after processing. Our approach also exploits the visibility information for the storage of intermediate values when multiple operations are performed in sequence, and can therefore significantly reduce the memory overhead of longer filter pipelines. We provide a thorough technical evaluation of the approach and demonstrate it on several typical scenarios where on-the-fly processing is required.",
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        "abstract": "Efficacy of radiotherapy treatment depends on the specific characteristics of tumorous tissues. For the determi-nation of these characteristics, clinical practice uses Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE) Magnetic ResonanceImaging (MRI). DCE-MRI data is acquired and modeled using pharmacokinetic modeling, to derive per voxela set of parameters, indicative of tissue properties. Different pharmacokinetic modeling approaches make differ-ent assumptions, resulting in parameters with different distributions. A priori, it is not known whether there aresignificant differences between modeling assumptions and which assumption is best to apply. Therefore, clinicalresearchers need to know at least how different choices in modeling affect the resulting pharmacokinetic parame-ters and also where parameter variations appear. In this paper, we introduce iCoCooN: a visualization applicationfor the exploration and analysis of model-induced variations in pharmacokinetic parameters. We designed a visualrepresentation, the Cocoon, by integrating perpendicularly Parallel Coordinate Plots (PCPs) with Cobweb Charts(CCs). PCPs display the variations in each parameter between modeling choices, while CCs present the relationsin a whole parameter set for each modeling choice. The Cocoon is equipped with interactive features to supportthe exploration of all data aspects in a single combined view. Additionally, interactive brushing allows to link theobservations from the Cocoon to the anatomy. We conducted evaluations with experts and also general users. Theclinical experts judged that the Cocoon in combination with its features facilitates the exploration of all significantinformation and, especially, enables them to find anatomical correspondences. The results of the evaluation withgeneral users indicate that the Cocoon produces more accurate results compared to independent multiples",
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        "title": "Visual analytics for the exploration of multiparametric cancer imaging",
        "date": "2014",
        "abstract": "Tumor  tissue  characterization  can  play  an  important  role  in  thediagnosis  and  design  of  effective  treatment  strategies.    In  orderto  gather  and  combine  the  necessary  tissue  information,  multi-modal  imaging  is  used  to  derive  a  number  of  parameters  indica-tive of tissue properties.  The exploration and analysis of relation-ships between parameters and, especially, of differences among dis-tinct intra-tumor regions is particularly interesting for clinical re-searchers to individualize tumor treatment.  However, due to highdata dimensionality and complexity, the current clinical workflowis time demanding and does not provide the necessary intra-tumorinsight.  We implemented a new application for the exploration ofthe relationships between parameters and heterogeneity within tu-mors.   In our approach,  we employ a well-known dimensionalityreduction technique [5] to map the high-dimensional space of tis-sue properties into a 2D information space that can be interactivelyexplored with integrated information visualization techniques.  Weconducted several usage scenarios with real-patient data, of whichwe  present  a  case  of  advanced  cervical  cancer.   First  indicationsshow that our application introduces new features and functionali-ties that are not available within the current clinical approach.",
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    {
        "id": "Auzinger_Mistelbauer_2013_CSR",
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        "title": "Vessel Visualization using Curved Surface Reformation",
        "date": "2013-12",
        "abstract": "Visualizations of vascular structures are frequently used in radiological investigations to detect and analyze vascular diseases. Obstructions of the blood flow through a vessel are one of the main interests of physicians, and several methods have been proposed to aid the visual assessment of calcifications on vessel walls. Curved Planar Reformation (CPR) is a wide-spread method that is designed for peripheral arteries which exhibit one dominant direction. To analyze the lumen of arbitrarily oriented vessels, Centerline Reformation (CR) has been proposed. Both methods project the vascular structures into 2D image space in order to reconstruct the vessel lumen. In this paper, we propose Curved Surface Reformation (CSR), a technique that computes the vessel lumen fully in 3D. This offers high-quality interactive visualizations of vessel lumina and does not suffer from problems of earlier methods such as ambiguous visibility cues or premature discretization of centerline data. Our method maintains exact visibility information until the final query of the 3D lumina data. We also present feedback from several domain experts.",
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        "event": "IEEE Scientific Visualization 2013",
        "journal": "IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (Proceedings of IEEE Scientific Visualization 2013)",
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    {
        "id": "Ford-2012-HRV",
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        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "HeartPad: Real-Time Visual Guidance for Cardiac Ultrasound",
        "date": "2012",
        "abstract": "Medical ultrasound is a challenging modality when it comes to image interpretation. The goal we address in this work is to assist the ultrasound examiner and partially alleviate the burden of interpretation. We propose to address this goal with visualization that provides clear cues on the orientation and the correspondence between anatomy and the data being imaged. Our system analyzes the stream of 3D ultrasound data and in real-time identifies distinct features that are basis for a dynamically deformed mesh model of the heart. The heart mesh is composited with the original ultrasound data to create the data-to-anatomy correspondence. The visualization is broadcasted over the internet allowing, among other opportunities, a direct visualization on the patient on a tablet computer. The examiner interacts with the transducer and with the visualization parameters on the tablet. Our system has been characterized by domain specialist as useful in medical training and for navigating occasional ultrasound users.",
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        "title": "Centerline Reformations of Complex Vascular Structures",
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        "abstract": "Visualization of vascular structures is a common and frequently performed task in the field of medical imaging. There exist well established and applicable methods such as Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) and Curved Planar Reformation (CPR). However, when calcified vessel walls are investigated, occlusion hinders exploration of the vessel interior with MIP. In contrast, CPR offers the possibility to visualize the vessel lumen by cutting a single vessel along its centerline. Extending the idea of CPR, we propose a novel technique, called Centerline Reformation (CR), which is capable of visualizing the lumen of spatially arbitrarily oriented vessels not necessarily connected in a tree structure. In order to visually emphasize depth, overlap and occlusion, halos can optionally envelope the vessel lumen. The required vessel centerlines are obtained from volumetric data by performing a scale-space based feature extraction. We present the application of the proposed technique in a focus and context setup. Further, we demonstrate how it facilitates the investigation of dense vascular structures, particularly cervical vessels or vessel data featuring peripheral arterial occlusive diseases or pulmonary embolisms. Finally, feedback from domain experts is given.",
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        "title": "Interactive Illustrative Visualization of Hierarchical Volume Data",
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        "title": "A Multidirectional Occlusion Shading Model for Direct Volume Rendering",
        "date": "2010-06",
        "abstract": "In this paper, we present a novel technique which simulates directional light scattering for more realistic interactive\nvisualization of volume data. Our method extends the recent directional occlusion shading model by enabling\nlight source positioning with practically no performance penalty. Light transport is approximated using a tilted\ncone-shaped function which leaves elliptic footprints in the opacity buffer during slice-based volume rendering.\nWe perform an incremental blurring operation on the opacity buffer for each slice in front-to-back order. This\nbuffer is then used to define the degree of occlusion for the subsequent slice. Our method is capable of generating\nhigh-quality soft shadowing effects, allows interactive modification of all illumination and rendering parameters,\nand requires no pre-computation.",
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    {
        "id": "bruckner-2010-HVC",
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        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Hybrid Visibility Compositing and Masking for Illustrative Rendering",
        "date": "2010",
        "abstract": "In this paper, we introduce a novel framework for the compositing of interactively rendered 3D layers\ntailored to the needs of scientific illustration. Currently, traditional scientific illustrations are produced\nin a series of composition stages, combining different pictorial elements using 2D digital layering. Our\napproach extends the layer metaphor into 3D without giving up the advantages of 2D methods. The\nnew compositing approach allows for effects such as selective transparency, occlusion overrides, and\nsoft depth buffering. Furthermore, we show how common manipulation techniques such as masking\ncan be integrated into this concept. These tools behave just like in 2D, but their influence extends\nbeyond a single viewpoint. Since the presented approach makes no assumptions about the underlying\nrendering algorithms, layers can be generated based on polygonal geometry, volumetric data, pointbased\nrepresentations, or others. Our implementation exploits current graphics hardware and permits\nreal-time interaction and rendering.",
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        "title": "Hierarchical Volume Visualization of Brain Anatomy",
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        "title": "Obscurance-based Volume Rendering Framework",
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        "abstract": "Obscurances, from which ambient occlusion is a particular case, is a technology that produces natural-looking lighting effects in a faster way than global illumination. Its application in volume visualization is of special interest since it permits us to generate a high quality rendering at a low cost. In this paper, we propose an obscurance-based framework that allows us to obtain realistic and illustrative volume visualizations in an interactive manner. Obscurances can include color bleeding effects without additional cost. Moreover, we obtain a saliency map from the gradient of obscurances and we show its application to enhance volume visualization and to select the most salient views.",
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        "id": "ruiz-2008-SEV",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Similarity-based Exploded Views",
        "date": "2008",
        "abstract": "Exploded views are often used in illustration to overcome the problem of occlusion when depicting complex structures. In this paper, we propose a volume visualization technique inspired by exploded views that partitions the volume into a number of parallel slabs and shows them apart from each other. The thickness of slabs is driven by the similarity between partitions. We use an information-theoretic technique for the generation of exploded views. First, the algorithm identifies the viewpoint from which the structure is the highest. Then, the partition of the volume into the most informative slabs for exploding is obtained using two complementary similarity-based strategies. The number of slabs and the similarity parameter are freely adjustable by the user.",
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    {
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        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
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        "title": "Feature Emphasis and Contextual Cutaways for Multimodal Medical Visualization",
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        "abstract": "Dense clinical data like 3D Computed Tomography (CT) scans can be visualized together with real-time imaging\nfor a number of medical intervention applications. However, it is difficult to provide a fused visualization that\nallows sufficient spatial perception of the anatomy of interest, as derived from the rich pre-operative scan, while\nnot occluding the real-time image displayed embedded within the volume.\nWe propose an importance-driven approach that presents the embedded data such that it is clearly visible along\nwith its spatial relation to the surrounding volumetric material. To support this, we present and integrate novel\ntechniques for importance specification, feature emphasis, and contextual cutaway generation.\nWe show results in a clinical context where a pre-operative CT scan is visualized alongside a tracked ultrasound\nimage, such that the important vasculature is depicted between the viewpoint and the ultrasound image, while a\nmore opaque representation of the anatomy is exposed in the surrounding area.",
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