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        "title": "BaggingHook: Selecting Moving Targets by Pruning Distractors Away for Intention-Prediction Heuristics in Dense 3D Environments",
        "date": "2024",
        "abstract": "Selecting targets in dense, dynamic 3D environments presents a significant challenge. In this study, we introduce two novel selection techniques based on distractor pruning to assist users in selecting targets moving unpredictably: BaggingHook and AutoBaggingHook. Both are built upon the Hook intention-prediction heuristic, which continuously measures the distance between the user's cursor and each object to compute per-object scores and estimate the intended target. Our techniques reduce the number of targets in the environment, making heuristic convergence potentially faster. Once pruned away, distractors are also made semi-transparent to reduce occlusion and the overall difficulty of the task. However, their motion is not altered, so that users can still perceive the dynamics of the environment. We designed two pruning approaches: BaggingHook lets users manually prune distractors away, while AutoBaggingHook uses automated, score-based pruning. We conducted a user study in a virtual reality setting inspired by molecular dynamics simulations, featuring crowded scenes of objects moving fast and unpredictably, in 3D. We compared both proposed techniques to the Hook baseline under more challenging circumstances than it had previously been tested. Our results show that AutoBaggingHook was the fastest, and did not lead to higher error rates. BaggingHook, on the other hand, was preferred by the majority of participants, due to the greater degree of control it provides to users, leading some to see entertainment value in its use. This work shows the potential benefits of varying the types of inputs used in intention-prediction heuristics, not just to improve performance, but also to reduce occlusion, overall task load, and improve user experience.",
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        "title": "Nanotilus: Generator of Immersive Guided-Tours in Crowded 3D Environments",
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        "abstract": "Immersive virtual reality environments are gaining popularity for studying and exploring crowded three-dimensional structures. When reaching very high structural densities, the natural depiction of the scene produces impenetrable clutter and requires visibility and occlusion management strategies for exploration and orientation. Strategies developed to address the crowdedness in desktop applications, however, inhibit the feeling of immersion. They result in nonimmersive, desktop-style outside-in viewing in virtual reality. This paper proposesNanotilus---a new visibility and guidance approach for very dense environments that generates an endoscopic inside-out experience instead of outside-in viewing, preserving the immersive aspect of virtual reality. The approach consists of two novel, tightly coupled mechanisms that control scene sparsification simultaneously with camera path planning. The sparsification strategy is localized around the camera and is realized as a multiscale, multishell, variety-preserving technique. When Nanotilus dives into the structures to capture internal details residing on multiple scales, it guides the camera using depth-based path planning. In addition to sparsification and path planning, we complete the tour generation with an animation controller, textual annotation, and text-to-visualization conversion. We demonstrate the generated guided tours on mesoscopic biological models -- SARS-CoV-2 and HIV viruses. We evaluate the Nanotilus experience with a baseline outside-in sparsification and navigational technique in a formal user study with 29 participants. While users can maintain a better overview using the outside-in sparsification, the study confirms our hypothesis that Nanotilus leads to stronger engagement and immersion.",
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        "title": "Molecumentary: Adaptable Narrated Documentaries Using Molecular Visualization",
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        "abstract": "We present a method for producing documentary-style content using real-time scientific visualization. We introduce molecumentaries, i.e., molecular documentaries featuring structural models from molecular biology, created through adaptable methods instead of the rigid traditional production pipeline. Our work is motivated by the rapid evolution of scientific visualization and it potential in science dissemination. Without some form of explanation or guidance, however, novices and lay-persons often find it difficult to gain insights from the visualization itself. We integrate such knowledge using the verbal channel and provide it along an engaging visual presentation. To realize the synthesis of a molecumentary, we provide technical solutions along two major production steps: (1) preparing a story structure and (2) turning the story into a concrete narrative. In the first step, we compile information about the model from heterogeneous sources into a story graph. We combine local knowledge with external sources to complete the story graph and enrich the final result. In the second step, we synthesize a narrative, i.e., story elements presented in sequence, using the story graph. We then traverse the story graph and generate a virtual tour, using automated camera and visualization transitions. We turn texts written by domain experts into verbal representations using text-to-speech functionality and provide them as a commentary. Using the described framework, we synthesize fly-throughs with descriptions: automatic ones that mimic a manually authored documentary or semi-automatic ones which guide the documentary narrative solely through curated textual input.",
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        "title": "Data-Driven Colormap Adjustment for Exploring Spatial Variations in Scalar Fields",
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        "abstract": "Colormapping is an effective and popular visualization technique for analyzing patterns in scalar fields. Scientists usually adjust a default colormap to show hidden patterns by shifting the colors in a trial-and-error process. To improve efficiency, efforts have been made to automate the colormap adjustment process based on data properties (e.g., statistical data value or distribution). However, as the data properties have no direct correlation to the spatial variations, previous methods may be insufficient to reveal the dynamic range of spatial variations hidden in the data. To address the above issues, we conduct a pilot analysis with domain experts and summarize three requirements for the colormap adjustment process. Based on the requirements, we formulate colormap adjustment as an objective function, composed of a boundary term and a fidelity term, which is flexible enough to support interactive functionalities. We compare our approach with alternative methods under a quantitative measure and a qualitative user study (25 participants), based on a set of data with broad distribution diversity. We further evaluate our approach via three case studies with six domain experts. Our method is not necessarily more optimal than alternative methods of revealing patterns, but rather is an additional color adjustment option for exploring data with a dynamic range of spatial variations.",
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        "title": "Multiscale Unfolding: Illustratively Visualizing the Whole Genome at a Glance",
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        "abstract": "We present Multiscale Unfolding, an interactive technique for illustratively visualizing multiple hierarchical scales of DNA in a single view, showing the genome at different scales and demonstrating how one scale spatially folds into the next. The DNA’s extremely long sequential structure—arranged differently on several distinct scale levels—is often lost in traditional 3D depictions, mainly due to its multiple levels of dense spatial packing and the resulting occlusion. Furthermore, interactive exploration of this complex structure is cumbersome, requiring visibility management like cut-aways. In contrast to existing temporally controlled multiscale data exploration, we allow viewers to always see and interact with any of the involved scales. For this purpose we separate the depiction into constant-scale and scale transition zones. Constant-scale zones maintain a single-scale representation, while still linearly unfolding the DNA. Inspired by illustration, scale transition zones connect adjacent constant-scale zones via level unfolding, scaling, and transparency. We thus represent the spatial structure of the whole DNA macro-molecule, maintain its local organizational characteristics, linearize its higher-level organization, and use spatially controlled, understandable interpolation between neighboring scales. We also contribute interaction\ntechniques that provide viewers with a coarse-to-fine control for navigating within our all-scales-in-one-view representations and visual \naids to illustrate the size differences. Overall, Multiscale Unfolding allows viewers to grasp the DNA’s structural composition from \nchromosomes to the atoms, with increasing levels of “unfoldedness,” and can be applied in data-driven illustration and communication. ",
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        "title": "Visualization working group at TU Wien: Visibile Facimus Quod Ceteri Non Possunt",
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        "abstract": "Building-up and running a university-based research group is a multi-faceted undertaking. The visualization working group at TU Wien (vis-group) has been internationally active over more than 25 years. The group has been acting in a competitive scientific setting where sometimes contradicting multiple objectives require trade-offs and optimizations. Research-wise the group has been performing basic and applied research in visualization and visual computing. Teaching-wise the group has been involved in undergraduate and graduate lecturing in (medical) visualization and computer graphics. To be scientifically competitive requires to constantly expose the group and its members to a strong international competition at the highest level. This necessitates to shield the members against the ensuing pressures and demands and provide (emotional) support and encouragement. Internally, the vis-group has developed a unique professional and social interaction culture: work and celebrate, hard and together. This has crystallized into a nested, recursive, and triangular organization model, which concretizes what it takes to make a research group successful. The key elements are the creative and competent vis-group members who collaboratively strive for (scientific) excellence in a socially enjoyable environment.",
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        "abstract": "We propose an approach to interactively create exploded views of molecular structures with the goal to help domain experts in their design process and provide them with a meaningful visual representation of component relationships. Exploded views are excellently suited to manage visual occlusion of structure components, which is one of the main challenges when visualizing complex 3D data. In this paper, we discuss four key parameters of an exploded view: explosion distance, direction, order, and the selection of explosion components. We propose two strategies, namely the structure-derived exploded view and the interactive free-form exploded view, for computing these four parameters systematically. The first strategy allows scientists to automatically create exploded views by computing the parameters from the given object structures. The second strategy further supports them to design and customize detailed explosion paths through user interaction. Our approach features the possibility to animate exploded views, to incorporate ease functions into these animations and to display the explosion path of components via arrows. Finally, we demonstrate three use cases with various challenges that we investigated in collaboration with a domain scientist. Our approach, therefore, provides interesting new ways of investigating and presenting the design layout and composition of complex molecular structures.",
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        "title": "The Vitruvian Baby: Interactive Reformation of Fetal Ultrasound Data to a T-Position",
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        "abstract": "Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging and visualization is often used in medical diagnostics, especially in prenatal\nscreening. Screening the development of the fetus is important to assess possible complications early on. State of the art approaches involve taking standardized measurements to compare them with standardized tables. The measurements are taken\nin a 2D slice view, where precise measurements can be difficult to acquire due to the fetal pose. Performing the analysis in a\n3D view would enable the viewer to better discriminate between artefacts and representative information. Additionally making\ndata comparable between different investigations and patients is a goal in medical imaging techniques and is often achieved by\nstandardization. With this paper, we introduce a novel approach to provide a standardization method for 3D ultrasound fetus\nscreenings. Our approach is called “The Vitruvian Baby” and incorporates a complete pipeline for standardized measuring\nin fetal 3D ultrasound. The input of the method is a 3D ultrasound screening of a fetus and the output is the fetus in a standardized T-pose. In this pose, taking measurements is easier and comparison of different fetuses is possible. In addition to the\ntransformation of the 3D ultrasound data, we create an abstract representation of the fetus based on accurate measurements.\nWe demonstrate the accuracy of our approach on simulated data where the ground truth is known.\n",
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    {
        "id": "miao_nantech_2019",
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        "title": "Interactive Visual Analysis for the Design of DNA Nanostructures",
        "date": "2019-05-27",
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        "title": "Metabopolis: Scalable Network Layout for Biological Pathway Diagrams in Urban Map Style",
        "date": "2019-05-15",
        "abstract": "Background\nBiological pathways represent chains of molecular interactions in biological systems that jointly form complex dynamic networks. The network structure changes from the significance of biological experiments and layout algorithms often sacrifice low-level details to maintain high-level information, which complicates the entire image to large biochemical systems such as human metabolic pathways.\n\nResults\nOur work is inspired by concepts from urban planning since we create a visual hierarchy of biological pathways, which is analogous to city blocks and grid-like road networks in an urban area. We automatize the manual drawing process of biologists by first partitioning the map domain into multiple sub-blocks, and then building the corresponding pathways by routing edges schematically, to maintain the global and local context simultaneously. Our system incorporates constrained floor-planning and network-flow algorithms to optimize the layout of sub-blocks and to distribute the edge density along the map domain. We have developed the approach in close collaboration with domain experts and present their feedback on the pathway diagrams based on selected use cases.\n\nConclusions\nWe present a new approach for computing biological pathway maps that untangles visual clutter by decomposing large networks into semantic sub-networks and bundling long edges to create space for presenting relationships systematically.",
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        "title": "From Cells to Atoms - Biological Information Visualization (in Chinese)",
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        "title": "Cuttlefish: Color Mapping for Dynamic Multi‐Scale Visualizations",
        "date": "2019-03",
        "abstract": "Visualizations of hierarchical data can often be explored interactively. For example, in geographic visualization, there are continents, which can be subdivided into countries, states, counties and cities. Similarly, in models of viruses or bacteria at the highest level are the compartments, and below that are macromolecules, secondary structures (such as α‐helices), amino‐acids, and on the finest level atoms. Distinguishing between items can be assisted through the use of color at all levels. However, currently, there are no hierarchical and adaptive color mapping techniques for very large multi‐scale visualizations that can be explored interactively. We present a novel, multi‐scale, color‐mapping technique for adaptively adjusting the color scheme to the current view and scale. Color is treated as a resource and is smoothly redistributed. The distribution adjusts to the scale of the currently observed detail and maximizes the color range utilization given current viewing requirements. Thus, we ensure that the user is able to distinguish items on any level, even if the color is not constant for a particular feature. The coloring technique is demonstrated for a political map and a mesoscale structural model of HIV. The technique has been tested by users with expertise in structural biology and was overall well received.",
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        "title": "COZOID: contact zone identifier for visual analysis of protein-protein interactions",
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        "abstract": "Background: Studying the patterns of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is fundamental for understanding thestructure and function of protein complexes. The exploration of the vast space of possible mutual configurations ofinteracting proteins and their contact zones is very time consuming and requires the proteomic expert knowledge.Results:In this paper, we propose a novel tool containing a set of visual abstraction techniques for the guidedexploration of PPI configuration space. It helps proteomic experts to select the most relevant configurations andexplore their contact zones at different levels of detail. The system integrates a set of methods that follow and supportthe workflow of proteomics experts. The first visual abstraction method, the Matrix view, is based on customizedinteractive heat maps and provides the users with an overview of all possible residue-residue contacts in all PPIconfigurations and their interactive filtering. In this step, the user can traverse all input PPI configurations and obtain anoverview of their interacting amino acids. Then, the models containing a particular pair of interacting amino acids canbe selectively picked and traversed. Detailed information on the individual amino acids in the contact zones and theirproperties is presented in the Contact-Zone list-view. The list-view provides a comparative tool to rank the best modelsbased on the similarity of their contacts to the template-structure contacts. All these techniques are interactivelylinked with other proposed methods, the Exploded view and the Open-Book view, which represent individualconfigurations in three-dimensional space. These representations solve the high overlap problem associated withmany configurations. Using these views, the structural alignment of the best models can also be visually confirmed.",
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        "abstract": "The molecular knowledge about complex biochemical reaction networks in biotechnology is crucial and has received a lot\nof attention lately. As a consequence, multiple visualization programs have been already developed to illustrate the anatomy\nof a cell. However, since a real cell performs millions of reactions every second to sustain live, it is necessary to move from\nanatomical to physiological illustrations to communicate knowledge about the behavior of a cell more accurately. In this thesis I\npropose a reaction system including a collision detection algorithm, which is able to work at the level of single atoms, to enable\nprecise simulation of molecular interactions. To visually explain molecular activities during the simulation process, a real-time\nglow effect in combination with a clipping object have been implemented. Since intracellular processes are performed with a\nset of chemical transformations, a hierarchical structure is used to illustrate the impact of one reaction on the entire simulation.\nThe CellPathway system integrates acceleration techniques to render large datasets containing millions of atoms in real-time,\nwhile the reaction system is processed directly on the GPU to enable simulation with more than 1000 molecules. Furthermore,\na graphical user interface has been implemented to allow the user to control parameters during simulation interactively.",
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        "abstract": "Scientific illustrators are commonly using structural description of molecular compounds when depicting complex biochemical processes. However, computational biology also provides procedural models describing the function of biological processes which are not currently used in the production pipeline. Instead, animators utilize scientific knowledge to manually animate and reproduce the functioning of cellular biology. We would like to explore the use of such models in order to generate explanatory illustrations that would show how molecular machinery works. Particle-based simulations provide the means for spatially representing the dynamics of biochemical processes. They compute the positions of each single particle and are supposed to \nmimic a realistic behaviour of the metabolites. Current mesoscale visualization also allows to directly show the results of such simulations by mapping the positions of particles in a virtual 3D environment. Nevertheless, some biochemical processes, like the DNA repair for instance, exhibit temporal multiscale aspects because they comprise diffusion rates which are much greater in comparison with reaction rates. As a result, it is challenging to produce a clear and coherent visualization out of this type of simulation. Indeed, when viewing the process at the pace which would let us see the reactions, it becomes impossible for the human eye to keep track of individual elements because of the very large diffusion displacements. On the other hand, if one would playback the simulation slow enough to be see a steady motion of individual elements, then only a very few number of reactions would occur in a reasonable amount of time. In this work we propose to solve the problem associated with multiple temporal scales by providing means for spatial. With this approach we aim at showing the two different temporal scale at the same time by using advanced trajectory smoothing mechanism. This would allow us to see individual elements while showing a world full of reactions, hence enabling us to communicate complex biological processes and molecular machineries in a comprehensive way.\n",
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    {
        "id": "Ford-2012-HRV",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "HeartPad: Real-Time Visual Guidance for Cardiac Ultrasound",
        "date": "2012",
        "abstract": "Medical ultrasound is a challenging modality when it comes to image interpretation. The goal we address in this work is to assist the ultrasound examiner and partially alleviate the burden of interpretation. We propose to address this goal with visualization that provides clear cues on the orientation and the correspondence between anatomy and the data being imaged. Our system analyzes the stream of 3D ultrasound data and in real-time identifies distinct features that are basis for a dynamically deformed mesh model of the heart. The heart mesh is composited with the original ultrasound data to create the data-to-anatomy correspondence. The visualization is broadcasted over the internet allowing, among other opportunities, a direct visualization on the patient on a tablet computer. The examiner interacts with the transducer and with the visualization parameters on the tablet. Our system has been characterized by domain specialist as useful in medical training and for navigating occasional ultrasound users.",
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        "title": "Interactive Illustrative Visualization of Hierarchical Volume Data",
        "date": "2010-06",
        "abstract": "In scientific visualization the underlying data often has an inherent\nabstract and hierarchical structure. Therefore, the same dataset\ncan simultaneously be studied with respect to its characteristics in\nthe three-dimensional space and in the hierarchy space. Often both\ncharacteristics are equally important to convey. For such scenarios\nwe explore the combination of hierarchy visualization and scientific\nvisualization, where both data spaces are effectively integrated.\nWe have been inspired by illustrations of species evolutions where\nhierarchical information is often present. Motivated by these traditional\nillustrations, we introduce integrated visualizations for hierarchically\norganized volumetric datasets. The hierarchy data is\ndisplayed as a graph, whose nodes are visually augmented to depict\nthe corresponding 3D information. These augmentations include\nimages due to volume raycasting, slicing of 3D structures, and indicators\nof structure visibility from occlusion testing. New interaction\nmetaphors are presented that extend visualizations and interactions,\ntypical for one visualization space, to control visualization parameters\nof the other space. Interaction on a node in the hierarchy influences\nvisual representations of 3D structures and vice versa. We\nintegrate both the abstract and the scientific visualizations into one\nview which avoids frequent refocusing typical for interaction with\nlinked-view layouts. We demonstrate our approach on different volumetric\ndatasets enhanced with hierarchical information.",
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        "id": "solteszova-2010-MOS",
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        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "A Multidirectional Occlusion Shading Model for Direct Volume Rendering",
        "date": "2010-06",
        "abstract": "In this paper, we present a novel technique which simulates directional light scattering for more realistic interactive\nvisualization of volume data. Our method extends the recent directional occlusion shading model by enabling\nlight source positioning with practically no performance penalty. Light transport is approximated using a tilted\ncone-shaped function which leaves elliptic footprints in the opacity buffer during slice-based volume rendering.\nWe perform an incremental blurring operation on the opacity buffer for each slice in front-to-back order. This\nbuffer is then used to define the degree of occlusion for the subsequent slice. Our method is capable of generating\nhigh-quality soft shadowing effects, allows interactive modification of all illumination and rendering parameters,\nand requires no pre-computation.",
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    {
        "id": "patel-2010-SVV",
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        "title": "Seismic Volume Visualization for Horizon Extraction",
        "date": "2010-03",
        "abstract": "Seismic horizons indicate change in rock properties and are central in geoscience interpretation. Traditional interpretation systems involve time consuming and repetitive manual volumetric seeding for horizon growing. We present a novel system for rapidly interpreting and visualizing seismic volumetric data. First we extract horizon surface-parts by preprocessing the seismic data. Then during interaction the user can assemble in realtime the horizon parts into horizons. Traditional interpretation systems use gradient-based illumination models in the rendering of the seismic volume and polygon rendering of horizon surfaces. We employ realtime gradientfree forward-scattering in the rendering of seismic volumes yielding results similar to high-quality global illumination. We use an implicit surface representation of horizons allowing for a seamless integration of horizon rendering and volume rendering. We present a collection of novel techniques constituting an interpretation and visualization system highly tailored to seismic data interpretation.",
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        "title": "N-dimensional Data-Dependent Reconstruction Using Topological Changes",
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        "abstract": "We introduce a new concept for a geometrically based feature preserving reconstruction\r\ntechnique of n-dimensional scattered data. Our goal is to generate\r\nan n-dimensional triangulation, which preserves the high frequency regions via\r\nlocal topology changes. It is the generalization of a 2D reconstruction approach\r\nbased on data-dependent triangulation and Lawson‘s optimization procedure.\r\nThe definition of the mathematic optimum of the reconstruction is given. We\r\ndiscuss an original cost function and a generalization of known functions for\r\nthe n-dimensional case.",
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        "title": "On the Role of Topology in Focus+Context Visualization",
        "date": "2007-09",
        "abstract": "In this paper three types of visualization scenarios are discussed, where topology\r\nimproves the readability of particular visualization results. The \frst type\r\ncombines topology information represented by simple graphical primitives\r\nwith other forms of visual representations. The second type uses the topology\r\ninformation to de\fne the relevance of objects within the data. The relevance\r\nis re\r\nected in the visualization by applying the cut-away concept. The third\r\ntype of visualizations is based on the change of topology of the underlying\r\ndata to increase visibility of the most interesting information. Every type\r\nhandles topology in a di\u000berent way. This illustrates various roles of topology\r\nin scienti\fc visualization.",
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        "title": "Sonar Explorer: A New Tool for Visualization of Fish Schools from 3D Sonar Data",
        "date": "2007-05",
        "abstract": "We present a novel framework for analysis and visualization of fish schools in 3D sonar surveys. The 3D sonar\r\ntechnology is new and there have not been applications to visualize the data in 3D. We have created an application\r\ncalled Sonar Explorer that satisfies the requirements of domain scientists. Sonar Explorer provides easy\r\nand intuitive semi-automatic fish school tracking and survey map generation. The overall pipeline is described\r\nand all pipeline stages relevant for visualization are highlighted. We present techniques to deal with 3D sonar\r\ndata specifics: highly anisotropic volume data aligned on a curvilinear grid. Domain scientists provide initial\r\nimpressions on interaction and outlook.",
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        "title": "Feature Emphasis and Contextual Cutaways for Multimodal Medical Visualization",
        "date": "2007-05",
        "abstract": "Dense clinical data like 3D Computed Tomography (CT) scans can be visualized together with real-time imaging\nfor a number of medical intervention applications. However, it is difficult to provide a fused visualization that\nallows sufficient spatial perception of the anatomy of interest, as derived from the rich pre-operative scan, while\nnot occluding the real-time image displayed embedded within the volume.\nWe propose an importance-driven approach that presents the embedded data such that it is clearly visible along\nwith its spatial relation to the surrounding volumetric material. To support this, we present and integrate novel\ntechniques for importance specification, feature emphasis, and contextual cutaway generation.\nWe show results in a clinical context where a pre-operative CT scan is visualized alongside a tracked ultrasound\nimage, such that the important vasculature is depicted between the viewpoint and the ultrasound image, while a\nmore opaque representation of the anatomy is exposed in the surrounding area.",
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    {
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        "title": "Importance-Driven Expressive Visualization",
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        "abstract": "In this thesis several expressive visualization techniques for volumetric\r\ndata are presented. The key idea is to classify the underlying data according\r\nto its prominence on the resulting visualization by importance value.\r\nThe importance property drives the visualization pipeline to emphasize the most prominent features and to suppress the less relevant ones. The suppression can be realized globally, so the whole object is suppressed, or locally. A local modulation generates cut-away and ghosted views because the suppression of less relevant features occurs only on the part where the occlusion of more important features appears.\r\n\r\nFeatures within the volumetric data are classified according to a new dimension denoted as object importance. This property determines which structures should be readily discernible and which structures are less important. Next, for each feature various representations (levels of sparseness) from a dense to a sparse depiction are defined. Levels of\r\nsparseness define a spectrum of optical properties or rendering styles. The resulting image is generated by ray-casting and combining the intersected features proportional to their importance. An additional step\r\nto traditional volume rendering evaluates the areas of occlusion and assigns a particular level of sparseness. This step is denoted as importance compositing. Advanced schemes for importance compositing determine the resulting visibility of features and if the resulting visibility distribution does not correspond to the importance distribution different levels of sparseness are selected.\r\n\r\nThe applicability of importance-driven visualization is demonstrated on several examples from medical diagnostics scenarios, flow visualization,\r\nand interactive illustrative visualization.",
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        "title": "Importance-Driven Feature Enhancement in Volume Visualization",
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        "title": "Fast and Flexible High-Quality Texture Filtering With Tiled High-Resolution Filters",
        "date": "2002-11",
        "abstract": "Current graphics hardware offers only very limited\r\nsupport for convolution operations, which is primarily\r\nintended for image processing. The input and\r\noutput sample grids have to coincide, making it impossible\r\nto use these features for more general filtering\r\ntasks such as image or texture resampling. Furthermore,\r\nmost hardware employs linear interpolation\r\nfor texture reconstruction purposes, incurring\r\nnoticeable artifacts. Higher-order interpolation via\r\ngeneral convolution is able to remove most of these\r\nartifacts. Real-time applications currently do not\r\nconsider higher-order filtering due to lack of hardware\r\nsupport. We present algorithms for extremely\r\nfast convolution on graphics hardware. This framework\r\ncan be used for general convolution tasks,\r\nbut is especially suited to substituting the native bilinear\r\nor tri-linear interpolation currently used for\r\ntexture magnification, while still achieving frame\r\nrates of up to 100 frames per second for full screen\r\nfiltering with bi-cubic interpolation.",
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        "title": "Feature-Preserving Volume Filtering",
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        "abstract": "In this paper a feature-preserving volume filtering method is presented. The basic idea is to minimize a three-component global error function penalizing the density and gradient errors and the curvature of the unknown filtered function. The optimization problem leads to a large linear equation system defined by a sparse coefficient matrix. We will show that such an equation system can be efficiently solved in frequency domain using fast Fourier transformation (FFT). For the sake of clarity, first we illustrate our method on a 2D example which is a dedithering problem. Afterwards the 3D extension is discussed in detail since we propose our method mainly for volume filtering. We will show that the 3D version can be efficiently used for elimination of the typical staircase artifacts of direct volume rendering without losing fine details. Unlike local filtering techniques, our novel approach ensures a global smoothing effect. Previous global 3D methods are restricted to binary volumes or segmented iso-surfaces and they are based on area minimization of one single reconstructed surface. In contrast, our method is a general volume-filtering technique, implicitly smoothing all the iso-surfaces at the same time. Although the strength of the presented algorithm is demonstrated on a specific 2D and a specific 3D application, it is considered as a general mathematical tool for processing images and volumes.",
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        "id": "Masterthesis-Viola",
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        "title": "Applications of Hardware-Accelerated Filtering in Computer Graphics",
        "date": "2002-04",
        "abstract": "Two of the most important issues of computer graphics – especially in raster graphics and volume\r\nvisualisation – are sampling and reconstruction. These operations must fulfill particular conditions\r\nof sampling theory in order to be able to represent arbitrary continuous functions by discrete samples\r\nand reconstruct them from these samples without significant information loss. Several approaches\r\nfor high-quality reconstruction have been introduced to the computer graphics community. These\r\napproaches are mostly implemented in software, possible only as pre-process step. The only two\r\nways of reconstruction that are usually fast enough for real-time rendering are nearest neighbor and\r\nlinear interpolation filtering, but the quality of these filtering processes is often not sufficient.\r\nThis work summarizes the hardware-based methods that exploit the features of today’s graphics\r\nchips for filtering tasks. These methods are divided in two parts, i.e., high-resolution filtering and\r\nimage processing. Both methods are based on the distribution principle of convolution known from\r\nsplatting based volume rendering algorithms and they share the same general principle. The difference\r\nis in the implementation of the algorithms themselves.\r\nHigh-resolution filtering employs high-order filters in order to improve the quality of resampling\r\ntremendously. The implemented algorithms exploit symmetry or separability properties to make the\r\nfiltering more efficient. We compare it to the existing, natively supported solution, i.e., linear interpolation\r\nto our filtering implementation using higher order filters. This is shown in various application\r\nareas like surface-texturing, and solid-texturing, animated textures, or derivative filtering; at interactive\r\nframerates.\r\nThe image processing algorithms are simplified general filtering algorithms to increase effciency\r\nand performance. We show the usability on smoothing and edge detection, the important operations of\r\nimage processing and pattern recognition. We combine this techniques together with other hardware\r\nfeatures to provide hardware-accelerated artistic rendering techniques. These are also presented in a\r\nrendering system that provides non-photorealistic rendering effects.",
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        "id": "wu-2021",
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        "title": "Visualization working group at TU Wien: Visible Facimus Quod Ceteri Non Possunt",
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        "abstract": "Building-up and running a university-based research group is a multi-faceted undertaking. The visualization working group at TU Wien (vis-group) has been internationally active over more than 25 years. The group has been acting in a competitive scientific setting where sometimes contradicting multiple objectives require trade-offs and optimizations. Research-wise the group has been performing basic and applied research in visualization and visual computing. Teaching-wise the group has been involved in undergraduate and graduate lecturing in (medical) visualization and computer graphics. To be scientifically competitive requires to constantly expose the group and its members to a strong international competition at the highest level. This necessitates to shield the members against the ensuing pressures and demands and provide (emotional) support and encouragement. Internally, the vis-group has developed a unique professional and social interaction culture: work and celebrate, hard and together. This has crystallized into a nested, recursive, and triangular organization model, which concretizes what it takes to make a research group successful. The key elements are the creative and competent vis-group members who collaboratively strive for (scientific) excellence in a socially enjoyable environment.",
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