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        "title": "New hybrid reformations of peripheral CT angiography: do we still need axial images?",
        "date": "2015-07",
        "abstract": "Purpose\r\n\r\nTo quantify the detectability of peripheral artery stenosis on hybrid CT angiography (CTA) reformations.\r\nMethods\r\n\r\nHybrid reformations were developed by combining multipath curved planar reformations (mpCPR) and maximum intensity projections (MIP). Fifty peripheral CTAs were evaluated twice: either with MIP, mpCPR and axial images or with hybrid reformations only. Digital subtraction angiography served as gold standard.\r\nResults\r\n\r\nUsing hybrid reformations, two independent readers detected 88.0% and 81.3% of significant stenosis, respectively. However, CTA including axial images detected statistically significant more lesions (98%).\r\nConclusion\r\n\r\nPeripheral CTA reading including axial images is still recommended. Further improvement of these hybrid reformations is necessary.",
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        "journal": "Clinic Imaging",
        "number": "4",
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        "title": "Smart Super Views - A Knowledge-Assisted Interface for Medical Visualization",
        "date": "2012-10",
        "abstract": "Due to the ever growing volume of acquired data and information, users have to be constantly aware of the methods for their exploration and for interaction. Of these, not each might be applicable to the data at hand or might reveal the desired result. Owing to this, innovations may be used inappropriately and users may become skeptical. In this paper we propose a knowledge-assisted interface for medical visualization, which reduces the necessary effort to use new visualization methods, by providing only the most relevant ones in a smart way. Consequently, we are able to expand such a system with innovations without the users to worry about when, where, and especially how they may or should use them. We present an application of our system in the medical domain and give qualitative feedback from domain experts.",
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        "title": "Centerline Reformations of Complex Vascular Structures",
        "date": "2012",
        "abstract": "Visualization of vascular structures is a common and frequently performed task in the field of medical imaging. There exist well established and applicable methods such as Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) and Curved Planar Reformation (CPR). However, when calcified vessel walls are investigated, occlusion hinders exploration of the vessel interior with MIP. In contrast, CPR offers the possibility to visualize the vessel lumen by cutting a single vessel along its centerline. Extending the idea of CPR, we propose a novel technique, called Centerline Reformation (CR), which is capable of visualizing the lumen of spatially arbitrarily oriented vessels not necessarily connected in a tree structure. In order to visually emphasize depth, overlap and occlusion, halos can optionally envelope the vessel lumen. The required vessel centerlines are obtained from volumetric data by performing a scale-space based feature extraction. We present the application of the proposed technique in a focus and context setup. Further, we demonstrate how it facilitates the investigation of dense vascular structures, particularly cervical vessels or vessel data featuring peripheral arterial occlusive diseases or pulmonary embolisms. Finally, feedback from domain experts is given.",
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        "title": "Non-linear Model Fitting to Parameterize Diseased Blood Vessels",
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        "abstract": "Accurate estimation of vessel parameters is a prerequisite for automated visualization and analysis of normal and diseased blood vessels. The objective of this research is to estimate the dimensions of lower extremity arteries, imaged by computed tomography (CT). The vessel is modeled using an elliptical or cylindrical structure with specific dimensions, orientation and blood vessel mean density. The model separates two homogeneous regions: Its inner side represents a region of density for vessels, and its outer side a region for background. Taking into account the point spread function (PSF) of a CT scanner, a function is modeled with a Gaussian kernel, in order to smooth the vessel boundary in the model. A new strategy for vessel parameter estimation is presented. It stems from vessel model and model parameter optimization by a nonlinear optimization procedure (the Levenberg-Marquardt technique). The method provides center location, diameter and orientation of the vessel as well as blood and background mean density values. The method is tested on synthetic data and real patient data with encouraging results.",
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        "title": "Non-linear Model Fitting to Parameterize Diseased Blood Vessels",
        "date": "2004-04",
        "abstract": "Accurate estimation of vessel parameters is a prerequisite for automated visualization and analysis of normal and diseased blood vessels. The objective of this research is to estimate the dimensions of lower extremity arteries, imaged by computed tomography (CT).\nThe vessel is modeled using an elliptical or cylindrical structure with specific dimensions, orientation and blood vessel mean density. The model separates two homogeneous regions: Its inner side represents a region of density for vessels, and its outer side a region for background. Taking into account the point spread function (PSF) of a CT scanner, a function is modeled with a Gaussian kernel, in order to smooth the vessel boundary in the model. A new strategy for vessel parameter estimation is presented. It\nstems from vessel model and model parameter optimization by a nonlinear optimization procedure (the Levenberg-Marquardt technique). The method provides center location, diameter and orientation of the vessel as well as blood and background mean density values. The method is tested on synthetic data and real patient data with encouraging results.",
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        "substitute": null,
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        "authors": [
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        "number": "TR-186-2-04-05",
        "pages_from": "1",
        "pages_to": "8",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Diseased Blood Vessel Detection",
            "Segmentation",
            "Visualization"
        ],
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    },
    {
        "id": "Straka-2004-TVG",
        "type_id": "techreport",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "The VesselGlyph: Focus & Context Visualization in CT-Angiography",
        "date": "2004-04",
        "abstract": "Reliable and complete blood-vessel segmentation is still a challenging problem. This is especially true in the presence of morphologic changes resulting from atherosclerotic diseases. In this paper we take advantage of partially segmented data with approximately identified vessel centerlines to comprehensively visualize the diseased peripheral arterial tree.\r\nWe introduce the VesselGlyph as an abstract notation for novel focus & context visualization techniques of tubular structures such as contrast-medium enhanced arteries in CT-Angiography (CT-A). The proposed techniques combine direct volume rendering (DVR) and curved planar reformation (CPR) within a single image. The VesselGlyph consists of several regions where different rendering methods are used. Region type, the used visualization method and region parameters depend on the distance from the vessel centerline and on viewing parameters as well. By selecting proper rendering techniques for different regions, vessels are depicted in a naturally looking and undistorted anatomic context.\r\nIn this paper we furthermore present a way how to implement the proposed techniques in software and by means of modern 3D graphics accelerators.",
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        "number": "TR-186-2-04-04",
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        "pages_to": "8",
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        "keywords": [
            "vessel visualization.",
            "focus & context technique",
            "curved planar reformation",
            "direct volume rendering"
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    },
    {
        "id": "alacruzECR2004",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Accuracy of Automated Centerline Approximation Algorithms for Lower Extremity Vessels in CTA Phantom",
        "date": "2004-03",
        "abstract": "Purpose: The accurate determination of the central vessel axis is a prerequisite for automated visualization (curved planar reformation) and quantitation. The purpose of this work was to assess the accuracy of different algorithms for automated centerline detection in a phantom simulating the peripheral arterial tree.\r\nMethods and Material: Six algorithms were used to determine the centerline of a synthetic peripheral arterial vessel (aorto-to-pedal arteries, diameter 18-0.6mm) dataset (256x256x600, voxel size 0.5x0.5x0.5mm). They are ray-casting/thresholding (RCT), ray-casting/maximum gradient (RCMG), block matching (BM), fitting to ellipse (FE), center of gravity (CoG), and Randomized Hough transform (RHT). Gaussian noise whith a sigma: 0, 5 and 10 was used to observe the accuracy of the method under noise influence The accuracy of automatic centerline determination was quantified by measuring the error-distance between the derived centerlines, and the known centerline course of the synthetic dataset.\r\nResults: BM demonstrated unacceptable performance in large vessels (>5mm) when the shift used was less than 3 voxels. RCMG demonstrated a greater error (mean of the error 4.73mm) in large diameter (>15mm) vessels than in small diameter (<15mm) vessels (mean of the error 0.64mm). Because RHT and FE use Canny edge detector preprocessing, both are sensitive to noise. CoG and RCT keep the mean of the error-distance significantly smaller (0.7mm and 0.9mm respectively) than all other algorithms.\r\nConclusion: CoG and RCT algorithms provide the most efficient centerline approximation over a wide range of vessel diameters. ",
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        "substitute": null,
        "main_image": null,
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        "authors": [
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            164
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        "booktitle": "European Congres of Radiology",
        "location": "Vienna, Austria",
        "organization": "Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms, Vienna University of Technology",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Medical Visualization",
            "Vessel Segmentation",
            "Centerline Detection"
        ],
        "weblinks": [],
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        "url": "https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2004/alacruzECR2004/",
        "__class": "Publication"
    },
    {
        "id": "Straka-2004-BSA",
        "type_id": "techreport",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Bone Segmentation in CT-Angiography Data Using a Probabilistic Atlas",
        "date": "2004-01",
        "abstract": "Automatic segmentation of bony structures in CT angiography datasets is an essential pre-processing step necessary for most visualization and analysis tasks. Since traditional density and gradient operators fail in non-trivial cases (or at least require extensive operator work), we propose a new method for segmentation of CTA data based on a probabilistic atlas. Storing densities and marks of previously manually segmented tissues to the atlas can constitute a statistical information base for latter accurate segmentation. In order to eliminate dimensional and anatomic variability of the atlas input datasets, these have to be spatially normalized (registered) first by applying a non-rigid transformation. After this transformation, densities and tissue masks are statistically processed (e.g averaged) within the atlas. Records in the atlas can be later evaluated for estimating the probability of bone tissue in a voxel of an unsegmented dataset.",
        "authors_et_al": false,
        "substitute": null,
        "main_image": null,
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        "repositum_presentation_id": null,
        "authors": [
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            236,
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        "number": "TR-186-2-04-01",
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        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Histogram Classification",
            "Distance Fields",
            "Thin-Plate Spline",
            "Probabilistic Atlas",
            "Knowledge Based Segmentation",
            "CT Angiography"
        ],
        "weblinks": [],
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                "url": "https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2004/Straka-2004-BSA/Straka-2004-BSA-paper.pdf",
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    },
    {
        "id": "Straka-2003-Bon",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Bone Segmentation in CT-Angiography Data Using a Probabilistic Atlas",
        "date": "2003-11",
        "abstract": "Automatic segmentation of bony structures in CT angiography datasets is an essential pre-processing step necessary for most visualization and analysis tasks. Since traditional density and gradient operators fail in non-trivial cases (or at last require extensive operator work), we propose a new method for segmentation of CTA data based on a probabilistic atlas. Sorting densities and masks of previously manually segmented tissues to the atlas can constitute a statistical information base for latter accurate segmentation. In order to eliminate dimensional and anatomic variability of the atlas input datasets, these have to be spatially normalized (registered) first by applying a non-rigid transformation. After this transformation, densities and tissue masks are statistically processed (e.g. averaged) within the atlas. Records in the atlas can be later evaluated for estimating the probability of bone tissue in a voxel of an unsegmented dataset.",
        "authors_et_al": false,
        "substitute": null,
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        "booktitle": "Vision, Modeling and Visualization",
        "pages_from": "505",
        "pages_to": "512",
        "publisher": "VMV",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Knowledge Based Segmentation",
            "CT Angiography",
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            "Histogram Classficication"
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    {
        "id": "Straka-2003-CTA",
        "type_id": "techreport",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "3D Watershed Transform Combined with a Probabilistic Atlas for Medical Image Segmentation",
        "date": "2003-11",
        "abstract": "Recent advances in medical imaging technology using multiple detector-row computed tomography (CT) provide volumetric datasets with unprecedented spatial resolution. This has allowed for CT to evolve into an excellent non-invasive vascular imaging technology, commonly referred to as CT-angiography. Visualization of vascular structures from CT datasets is demanding, however, and identification of anatomic objects in CT-datasets is highly desirable. Density and/or gradient operators have been used most commonly to classify CT data. In CT angiography, simple density/gradient operators do not allow precise and reliable classification of tissues due to the fact that different tissues (e.g. bones and vessels) possess the same density range and may lie in close spatial vicinity. We hypothesize, that anatomic classification can be achieved more accurately, if both spatial location and density properties of volume data are taken into account. We present a combination of two well-known methods for volume data processing to obtain accurate tissue classification. 3D watershed transform is used to partition the volume data in morphologically consistent blocks and a probabilistic anatomic atlas is used to distinguish between different kinds of tissues based on their density.",
        "authors_et_al": false,
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        "main_image": null,
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        "authors": [
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            170,
            164,
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        ],
        "number": "TR-186-2-03-13",
        "pages_from": "1",
        "pages_to": "8",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Histogram Classification",
            "Thin-Plate-Spline",
            "Probabilistic Atlas",
            "Knowledge Based Segmentation",
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        ],
        "weblinks": [],
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        "__class": "Publication"
    },
    {
        "id": "Kanitsar-2003-Dem",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Demonstration of different segmentation and visualization techniques by means of a complex real world object exemplified by a Christmas tree",
        "date": "2003",
        "abstract": "",
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        "authors": [
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            175,
            184,
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        ],
        "booktitle": "European Congress of Radiology",
        "lecturer": [
            162
        ],
        "publisher": "ECR",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [],
        "weblinks": [],
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                "size": 10369,
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        "url": "https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2003/Kanitsar-2003-Dem/",
        "__class": "Publication"
    },
    {
        "id": "Straka-2003-3DW",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "3D Watershed Transform Combined with a Probabilistic Atlas for Medical Image Segmentation",
        "date": "2003",
        "abstract": " Recent advances in medical imaging technology using multiple detector-row computed tomography (CT) provide volumetric datasets with unprecedented spatial resolution. This has allowed for CT to evolve into an excellent non-invasive vascular imaging technology, commonly referred to as CT-angiography. Visualization of vascular structures from CT datasets is demanding, however, and identification of anatomic objects in CT-datasets is highly desirable. Density and/or gradient operators have been used most commonly to classify CT data. In CT angiography, simple density/gradient operators do not allow precise and reliable classification of tissues due to the fact that different tissues (e.g. bones and vessels) possess the same density range and may lie in close spatial vicinity. We hypothesize, that anatomic classification can be achieved more accurately, if both spatial location and density properties of volume data are taken into account. We present a combination of two well-known methods for volume data processing to obtain accurate tissue classification. 3D watershed transform is used to partition the volume data in morphologically consistent blocks and a probabilistic anatomic atlas is used to distinguish between different kinds of tissues based on their density.",
        "authors_et_al": false,
        "substitute": null,
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            "path": "Publication:Straka-2003-3DW",
            "url": "https://www.cg.tuwien.ac.at/research/publications/2003/Straka-2003-3DW/Straka-2003-3DW-.pdf",
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        "authors": [
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            168,
            169,
            170,
            166,
            164
        ],
        "booktitle": "MIT 2003",
        "journal": "Journal of Medical Informatics & Technologies",
        "research_areas": [],
        "keywords": [
            "Thin-Plate-Spline",
            "Knowledge Based Segmentation Probabilist",
            "CT Angiography",
            "Histogram Classification"
        ],
        "weblinks": [],
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    },
    {
        "id": "Straka-2003-Apr",
        "type_id": "inproceedings",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "A probabilistic atlas of the lower extremity arterial tree for perpheral CT angiography",
        "date": "2003",
        "abstract": "",
        "authors_et_al": false,
        "substitute": null,
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        "authors": [
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        ],
        "booktitle": "European Congress of Radiology",
        "publisher": "ECR",
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    },
    {
        "id": "kanitsar-2002-Chr",
        "type_id": "techreport",
        "tu_id": null,
        "repositum_id": null,
        "title": "Christmas Tree Case Study: Computed Tomography as a Tool for Mastering Complex Real World Objects with Applications in Computer Graphics",
        "date": "2002-03",
        "abstract": "We report on using computed tomography (CT) as a model acquisition\ntool for complex objects in computer graphics. Unlike other modeling\nand scanning techniques the complexity of the object is irrelevant in\nCT, which naturally enables to model objects with, for example,\nconcavities, holes, twists or fine surface details. Once the data is\nscanned, one can apply post-processing techniques aimed at its further\nenhancement, modification or presentation. For demonstration purposes\nwe chose to scan a Christmas tree which exhibits high complexity which\nis difficult or even impossible to handle with other\ntechniques. However, care has to be taken to achieve good scanning\nresults with CT. Further, we illustrate the post-processing by means\nof data segmentation and photorealistic as well as non-photorealistic\n\t\t surface and volume rendering techniques.",
        "authors_et_al": false,
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        "authors": [
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        ],
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