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"repositum_id": null,
"title": "Construct3D: A Virtual Reality Application for Mathematics and Geometry Education",
"date": "2000-06",
"abstract": "Construct3D is a three dimensional geometric construction tool based on\nthe collaborative augmented reality system Studierstube. Our setup uses\na stereoscopic head mounted display (HMD) and the Personal Interaction\nPanel (PIP) - a two-handed 3D interaction tool that simplifies 3D model\ninteraction. Means of application in mathematics and geometry education\nat high school as well as university level are being discussed. A pilot\nstudy summarizes the strengths and possible extensions of our system.\nAnecdotal evidence supports our claim that the use of Construct3D is easy\nto learn and encourages experimentation with geometric constructions.",
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"id": "Schm-2000-BriX",
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"title": "Bridging Multiple User Interface Dimensions with Augmented Reality",
"date": "2000-05",
"abstract": "Studierstube is an experimental user interface system,\nwhich bridges multiple user interface dimensions. At its core, it uses\ncollaborative augmented reality to incorporate true 3D interaction into\na productivity environment. This concept is extended to include multiple\nusers, multiple host platforms, multiple display types, multiple concurrent\napplications, and a multi-context (i. e., 3D document) interface - into a\nheterogeneous distributed environment. All this happens almost totally\ntransparent to the application programmer. With this architecture, we can\nexplore the user interface design space between pure augmented reality and\nthe popular ubiquitous computing paradigm. We report on our design philosophy\ncentered around the notion of contexts and locales, as well as the underlying\nsoftware and hardware architecture. To illustrate our presentation, we\npresent several applications including a storyboard tool for cinematographic\ndesign which showcases many features of our system.",
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"title": "Scheduling for Very Large Virtual Environments and Networked Games Using Visibility and\nPriorities",
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"abstract": "The problem of network bandwidth limitations is encountered in almost any distributed virtual\nenvironment or networked game. In a typical client-server setup, where the virtual world is managed by a server\nand replicated by connected clients which visualize the scene, the server must repeatedly transmit update messages\nto the clients. By employing visibility information, the number of messages transmitted over the network can be\nreduced by sending each client only update messages for objects which are visible from the viewpoint of the\nclient. A naïve approach requires to examine visibility between pairs of objects and leads to a quadratic effort\nin the number of objects, substantially affecting the scalability of such environments. This paper presents a\ntechnique that allows the server to manage the transmission of update messages for each client with a constant\noverhead, reducing overall computational cost to a linear effort. We show how the server can employ visibility\ninformation to schedule all objects using the Priority Round-Robin algorithm. This algorithm is further enhanced\nwith activity monitoring that provides a graceful degradation of the system's performance, even if the behavior of\nobjects is unpredictable. This makes the algorithm suited to schedule update messages regarding server-controlled\nobjects as well as user-controlled avatars.",
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"title": "Scheduling for very large Virtual Environments and Networked Games using Visibility and Priorities",
"date": "2000",
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"note": "In Proceedings of the DIS-RT 2000 conference, pp. 31-38, San Francisco, CA, 2000",
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"title": "Practical Calibration Procedures for Augmented Reality",
"date": "2000",
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"note": "In Environments'2000, pp. 3-12, Springer-Verlag, Wien, 2000",
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"title": "Priority Round-Robin Scheduling for Very Large Virtual Environments",
"date": "2000",
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"authors": [
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"note": "Proceedings of IEEE VR'2000, pp. 135-142, NEw Brunswick, NJ, 2000 (honorable mention in best paper award selection)",
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"title": "Priority Scheduling for Networked Virtual Environments",
"date": "2000",
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"authors": [
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"note": "In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, VOl. 20(6), pp. 66-75, November 2000",
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"title": "Fast Walkthroughs with Image Caches and Ray Casting",
"date": "1999-12",
"abstract": "We present an output-sensitive rendering algorithm for accelerating walkthroughs of large, densely occluded virtual environments using a multi-stage Image Based Rendering Pipeline. In the first stage, objects within a certain distance are rendered using the traditional graphics pipeline, whereas the remaining scene is rendered by a pixel-based approach using an Image Cache, horizon estimation to avoid calculating sky pixels, and finally, ray casting. The time complexity of this approach does not depend on the total number of primitives in the scene. We have measured speedups of up to one oder of magnitude.",
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"journal": "Computers and Graphics",
"number": "6",
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"volume": "23",
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{
"id": "Wonka-1999-Occ",
"type_id": "journalpaper",
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"title": "Occluder Shadows for Fast Walkthroughs of Urban Environments.",
"date": "1999-09",
"abstract": "This paper describes a new algorithm that employs image-based rendering for fast occlusion culling in complex urban environments. It exploits graphics hardware to render and automatically combine a relatively large set of occluders. The algorithm is fast to calculate and therefore also useful for scenes of moderate complexity and walkthroughs with over 20 frames per second. Occlusion is calculated dynamically and does not rely on any visibility precalculation or occluder preselection. Speed-ups of one order of magnitude can be obtained.",
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"date_to": "1999-09-11",
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"journal": "Computer Graphics Forum",
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"number": "3",
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"pages_to": "60",
"volume": "18",
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{
"id": "schmalstieg-1999-Coa",
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"tu_id": null,
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"title": "Coarse View-Dependent Levels of Detail for Hierarchical\nand Deformable Models",
"date": "1999-09",
"abstract": "While a large amount of work is geared towards\nmulti-resolution modeling and rendering, the presented methods work\nalmost exclusively with static models and scenes. The ASLOD\n(Animated Smooth Level Of Detail) approach presented in this paper\nis capable of rendering animated scenes consisting of mixtures of\nconventional and multi-resolution models. It features coarse view-dependent\nmulti-resolution rendering by a consistent decomposition of large models\ninto arbitrary regions together with an analytic solution to optimize\npolygon allocation to such assemblies of multi-resolution models.\nThe multi-resolution model can be used together with animated\nhierarchical scene graphs. Finally, the multi-resolution model\ncan be combined with a hierarchical skeleton and a real-time\ndeformation algorithm for animating organic shapes rendered\n at any desired level of detail.",
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"authors": [
202,
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"number": "TR-186-2-99-20",
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"keywords": [
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"id": "Faisstnauer-1999-Pri",
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"title": "Priority Round-Robin Scheduling for Very Large Virtual\nEnvironments",
"date": "1999-08",
"abstract": "In virtual environments containing a very large number\nof objects, the limited amount of available resources often proves to be\na bottleneck, causing a competition for those resources – for example\nnetwork bandwidth, processing power or the rendering pipeline. This\nleads to a degradation of the system’s performance, as only a small\nnumber of elements can be granted the resource required. In this paper\nwe present a generic scheduling algorithm that allows to achieve a\ngraceful degradation; it is output sensitive, minimizes the risk of\nstarvation and enforces priorities based on a freely definable error\nmetric. Hence it can be employed in virtual environments of almost any\nsize, to schedule elements which are competing for a determined\nresource, because of a bottleneck.",
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"title": "Fast Walkthroughs with Image Caches and Ray Casting",
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"abstract": "We present an output-sensitive rendering algorithm for accelerating walkthroughs of large, densely occluded virtual environments using a multi-stage Image Based Rendering Pipeline. In the first stage, objects within a certain distance are rendered using the traditional graphics pipeline, whereas the remaining scene is rendered by a pixel-based approach using an Image Cache, horizon estimation to avoid calculating sky pixels, and finally, ray casting. The time complexity of this approach does not depend on the total number of primitives in the scene. We have measured speedups of up to one oder of magnitude.",
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{
"id": "Fuhr-1999-Cal",
"type_id": "techreport",
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"title": "Fast Calibration for Augmented Reality",
"date": "1999-05",
"abstract": "Augmented Reality overlays computer generated images over\nthe real world. To correctly depict spatial relations between real and\nvirtual objects, these images have to be generated using transformations\nwhich correctly project a point in virtual space onto its corresponding\npoint in the real world.\nThis requires precise knowledge of the viewing projection of the\nhead-mounted display (HMD) and its position. Methods to calibrate the\nprojection parameters of the virtual cameras to that of the HMD have been\npresented in previous work. Most of these methods are complicated or use\nspecial equipment for the calibration process.\nWe present a simple and fast calibration scheme, which does not require\nadditional instrumentation or complicated procedures. This allows us to\ncalibrate HMDs for specific users. The calibration process is presented to\nthe user as interactively guided initialization step, which enables even\ninexperienced users to adapt the calibration to their eye distance and head\ngeometry.\nThe calibration is stable - meaning that slight errors made by the user do\nnot result in gross miscalibrations - and applicable for see-through and\nvideo-based HMDs. Additionally we show a method for correcting the\ndistortions introduced by the camera lens in real-time using standard\nOpenGL hardware and for registering tracked objects to their augmentations.",
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"number": "TR-186-2-99-16",
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{
"id": "Hes-1999-",
"type_id": "techreport",
"tu_id": null,
"repositum_id": null,
"title": "Distributed Open Inventor: A Practical Approach to\nDistributed 3D Graphics",
"date": "1999-05",
"abstract": "Distributed Open Inventor is an extension to the popular\nOpen Inventor toolkit for interactive 3D graphics. The toolkit is extended\nwith the concept of a distributed shared scene graph, similar to\ndistributed shared memory. From the application programmer's perspective,\nmultiple workstations share a common scene graph. The proposed system\nintroduces a convenient mechanism for writing distributed graphical\napplications based on a popular tool in an almost transparent manner. Local\nvariations in the scene graph allow for a wide range of possible\napplications, and local low latency interaction mechanisms called input\nstreams together with a sophisticated networking architecture enable high\nperformance while saving the programmer from network peculiarities.",
"authors_et_al": false,
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202,
204,
190
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"number": "TR-186-2-99-15",
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"pages_to": "8",
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"keywords": [
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"computer supported cooperative work",
"distributed virtual environment",
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"concurrent programming",
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{
"id": "Fuhr-1999-Conc",
"type_id": "techreport",
"tu_id": null,
"repositum_id": null,
"title": "Real-time Bounding Box Area Computation",
"date": "1999-01",
"abstract": "The area covered by a 3D bounding box after projection onto the\nscreen is relevant for view-dependent algorithms in real-time and photorealistic\nrendering. We describe a fast method to compute the accurate 2D area of a 3D\noriented bounding box, and show how it can be computed equally fast or faster\nthan its approximation with a 2D bounding box enclosing the projected 3D\n bounding box.",
"authors_et_al": false,
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"number": "TR-186-2-99-05",
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"abstract": "We propose a new method to accelerate rendering during the\ninteractive visualization of complex scenes. The method is\napplicable if the cost of per-pixel processing is high\ncompared to simple frame buffer transfer operations, as\nsupported by low-end graphics systems with high-performance\nCPUs or 2-D graphics accelerators. In this case rendering\nan appropriately down-scaled image and then enlarging it\nallows a trade-off of rendering speed and image quality.\nUsing this method, more uniform frame rates can be achieved,\n\t\tand the dynamic viewing error can be reduced.",
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