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"title": "Reproducibility, Verification, and Validation of Experiments on the Marschner-Lobb Test Signal",
"date": "2015-05-25",
"abstract": "The Marschner-Lobb (ML) test signal has been used for two decades to evaluate the visual quality of different volumetric reconstruction schemes. Previously, the reproduction of these experiments was very simple, as the ML signal was used to evaluate only compact filters applied on the traditional Cartesian lattice. As the Cartesian lattice is separable, it is easy to implement these filters as separable tensor-product extensions of well-known 1D filter kernels. Recently, however, non-separable reconstruction filters have received increased attention that are much more difficult to implement than the traditional tensor-product filters. Even if these are piecewise polynomial filters, the space partitions of the polynomial pieces are geometrically rather complicated. Therefore, the reproduction of the ML experiments is getting more and more difficult. Recently, we reproduced a previously published ML experiment for comparing Cartesian Cubic (CC), Body-Centered Cubic (BCC), and Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattices in terms of prealiasing. We recognized that the previously applied settings were biased and gave an undue advantage to the FCC-sampled ML representation. This result clearly shows that reproducibility, verification, and validation of the ML experiments is of crucial importance as the ML signal is the most frequently used benchmark for demonstrating the superiority of a reconstruction scheme or volume representations on non-Cartesian lattices.",
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"event": "EuroVis Workshop on Reproducibility, Verification, and Validation in Visualization (EuroRV3)",
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"title": "Towards an Unbiased Comparison of CC, BCC, and FCC Lattices in Terms of Prealiasing",
"date": "2014-06",
"abstract": "In the literature on optimal regular volume sampling, the Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) lattice has been proven\r\nto be optimal for sampling spherically band-limited signals above the Nyquist limit. On the other hand, if the\r\nsampling frequency is below the Nyquist limit, the Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) lattice was demonstrated to be optimal in reducing the prealiasing effect. In this paper, we confirm that the FCC lattice is indeed optimal in this sense in a certain interval of the sampling frequency. By theoretically estimating the prealiasing error in a realistic range of the sampling frequency, we show that in other frequency intervals, the BCC lattice and even the traditional Cartesian Cubic (CC) lattice are expected to minimize the prealiasing. The BCC lattice is superior over the FCC lattice if the sampling frequency is not significantly below the Nyquist limit. Interestingly, if the original signal is drastically undersampled, the CC lattice is expected to provide the lowest prealiasing error. Additionally,\r\nwe give a comprehensible clarification that the sampling efficiency of the FCC lattice is lower than that of the BCC\r\nlattice. Although this is a well-known fact, the exact percentage has been erroneously reported in the literature.\r\nFurthermore, for the sake of an unbiased comparison, we propose to rotate the Marschner-Lobb test signal such that an undue advantage is not given to either lattice.",
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"event": "Euro Vis 2014",
"journal": "Computer Graphics Forum",
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"title": "Illumination-Driven Opacity Modulation for Expressive Volume Rendering",
"date": "2012-11",
"abstract": "Using classical volume visualization, typically a couple of isosurface layers are rendered semi-transparently to show the internal structures contained in the data. However, the opacity transfer function is often difficult to specify such that all the isosurfaces are of high contrast and sufficiently perceivable. In this paper, we propose a volumerendering technique which ensures that the different layers contribute to fairly different regions of the image space. Since the overlapping between the effected regions is reduced, an outer translucent isosurface does not decrease significantly the contrast of a partially hidden inner isosurface. Therefore, the layers of the data become visually well separated. Traditional transfer functions assign color and opacity values to the voxels depending on the density and the gradient. In contrast, we assign also different illumination directions to different materials, and modulate the opacities view-dependently based on the surface normals and the directions of the light sources, which are fixed to the viewing angle. We will demonstrate that this model allows an expressive visualization of volumetric data.",
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"title": "D²VR: High Quality Volume Rendering of Projection-based Volumetric Data",
"date": "2006-05",
"abstract": "Volume rendering techniques are conventionally classified as either direct or indirect methods. Indirect\r\nmethods require to transform the initial volumetric model into an\r\nintermediate geometrical model in order to efficiently visualize it.\r\nIn contrast, direct volume rendering (DVR) methods can directly\r\nprocess the volumetric data. Modern CT scanners usually provide data as a set of samples on a rectilinear\r\ngrid, which is computed from the measured projections by discrete tomographic reconstruction. Therefore the rectilinear grid can already be considered as an intermediate volume representation. In this paper we introduce direct direct volume rendering (D²VR). D²VR does not require a rectilinear grid, since it is based on an immediate\r\nprocessing of the measured projections. Arbitrary samples for ray\r\ncasting are reconstructed from the projections by using the Filtered\r\nBack-Projection algorithm. Our method removes a lossy resampling step from the classical volume rendering pipeline.\r\nIt provides much higher accuracy than traditional grid-based\r\nresampling techniques do. Furthermore we also present a novel\r\nhigh-quality gradient estimation scheme, which is also based on the\r\nFiltered Back-Projection algorithm.",
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"title": "Smooth Shape-Based Interpolation using the Conjugate Gradient Method",
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"abstract": "In this paper a novel technique for smooth shape-based interpolation of volume data\r\nis introduced.\r\nPreviously simple linear interpolation of signed\r\ndistance maps has been used in practice. As it will be shown, this approach\r\nresults in artifacts, since sharp edges appear along the original slices.\r\nIn order to obtain a smooth 3D implicit function generated\r\nby interpolating 2D distance maps, we use a global interpolation method instead of a\r\nhigher order local technique. The global curvature of the implicit function representing\r\nan isosurface is minimized using an iterative conjugate gradient method.\r\nBecause of the iterative approach the user can easily control the trade-off between\r\nthe smoothness of the isosurface and the computational cost of the refinement.\r\nAs opposed to previous techniques, like variational interpolation, our method can\r\ngenerate a reasonably good approximation of the ideal solution in a significantly\r\n shorter time.",
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"title": "Feature-Preserving Volume Filtering",
"date": "2002-05",
"abstract": "In this paper a feature-preserving volume filtering method is presented. The basic idea is to minimize a three-component global error function penalizing the density and gradient errors and the curvature of the unknown filtered function. The optimization problem leads to a large linear equation system defined by a sparse coefficient matrix. We will show that such an equation system can be efficiently solved in frequency domain using fast Fourier transformation (FFT). For the sake of clarity, first we illustrate our method on a 2D example which is a dedithering problem. Afterwards the 3D extension is discussed in detail since we propose our method mainly for volume filtering. We will show that the 3D version can be efficiently used for elimination of the typical staircase artifacts of direct volume rendering without losing fine details. Unlike local filtering techniques, our novel approach ensures a global smoothing effect. Previous global 3D methods are restricted to binary volumes or segmented iso-surfaces and they are based on area minimization of one single reconstructed surface. In contrast, our method is a general volume-filtering technique, implicitly smoothing all the iso-surfaces at the same time. Although the strength of the presented algorithm is demonstrated on a specific 2D and a specific 3D application, it is considered as a general mathematical tool for processing images and volumes.",
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"title": "Christmas Tree Case Study: Computed Tomography as a Tool for Mastering Complex Real World Objects with Applications in Computer Graphics",
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"abstract": "We report on using computed tomography (CT) as a model acquisition\ntool for complex objects in computer graphics. Unlike other modeling\nand scanning techniques the complexity of the object is irrelevant in\nCT, which naturally enables to model objects with, for example,\nconcavities, holes, twists or fine surface details. Once the data is\nscanned, one can apply post-processing techniques aimed at its further\nenhancement, modification or presentation. For demonstration purposes\nwe chose to scan a Christmas tree which exhibits high complexity which\nis difficult or even impossible to handle with other\ntechniques. However, care has to be taken to achieve good scanning\nresults with CT. Further, we illustrate the post-processing by means\nof data segmentation and photorealistic as well as non-photorealistic\n\t\t surface and volume rendering techniques.",
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"title": "Fast Visualization of Object Contours by Non-Photorealistic Volume Rendering",
"date": "2001-04",
"abstract": "In this paper we present a fast visualization technique for\nvolumetric data, which is based on a recent non-photorealistic\nrendering technique. Our new approach enables alternative\ninsights into 3D data sets (compared to traditional approaches\nsuch as direct volume rendering or iso-surface rendering).\nObject contours, which usually are characterized by locally high\ngradient values, are visualized regardless of their density values.\nCumbersome tuning of transfer functions, as usually needed for setting\nup DVR views is avoided. Instead, a small number of parameters is available to adjust the non-photorealistic display.\nBased on the magnitude of local gradient information as well as on\nthe angle between viewing direction and gradient vector, data values\nare mapped to visual properties (color, opacity), which then are\ncombined to form the rendered image (MIP is proposed as the default\ncompositing stragtegy here). Due to the fast implementation of this\nalternative rendering approach, it is possible to interactively\ninvestigate the 3D data, and quickly learn about internal structures.\nSeveral further extensions of our new approach, such as level lines\n are also presented in this paper.",
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