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        "title": "Vessel Visualization using Curvicircular Feature Aggregation",
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        "abstract": "Radiological investigations are common medical practice for the diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases. Existing visualization methods such as Curved Planar Reformation (CPR) depict calcifications on vessel walls to determine if blood is still able to flow. While it is possible with conventional CPR methods to examine the whole vessel lumen by rotating around the centerline of a vessel, we propose Curvicircular Feature Aggregation (CFA), which aggregates these rotated images into a single view. By eliminating the need for rotation, vessels can be investigated by inspecting only one image. This method can be used as a guidance and visual analysis tool for treatment planning. We present applications of this technique in the medical domain and give feedback from radiologists.",
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    {
        "id": "varchola_andrej-2012-fetoscopic",
        "type_id": "phdthesis",
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        "title": "Live Fetoscopic Visualization of 4D Ultrasound Data",
        "date": "2012-10",
        "abstract": "Ultrasound (US) imaging is due to its real-time character, low cost, non-invasive nature, high availability, and many other factors, considered a standard diagnostic procedure during pregnancy. The quality of diagnostics depends on many factors, including scanning protocol, data characteristics and visualization algorithms. In this work, several problems of ultrasound data visualization for obstetric ultrasound imaging are discussed and addressed.\r\n\r\nThe capability of ultrasound scanners is growing and modern ultrasound devices produce large amounts of data that have to be processed in real-time. An ultrasound imaging system is in a broad sense a pipeline of several operations and visualization algorithms. Individual algorithms are usually organized in modules that separately process the data. In order to achieve the required level of detail and high quality images with the visualization pipeline, we had to address the flow of large amounts of data on modern computer hardware with limited capacity. We developed a novel architecture of visualization pipeline for ultrasound imaging. This visualization pipeline combines several algorithms, which are described in this work, into the integrated system. In the context of this pipeline, we advocate slice-based streaming as a possible approach for the large data flow problem.\r\n\r\nLive examination of the moving fetus from ultrasound data is a challenging task which requires extensive knowledge of the fetal anatomy and a proficient operation of the ultrasound machine. The fetus is typically occluded by structures which hamper the view in 3D rendered images. We developed a novel method of visualizing the human fetus for prenatal sonography from 3D/4D ultrasound data. It is a fully automatic method that can recognize and render the fetus without occlusion, where the highest priority is to achieve an unobstructed view of the fetal face. Our smart visibility method for prenatal ultrasound is based on a ray-analysis performed within image-based direct volume rendering (DVR). It automatically calculates a clipping surface that removes the uninteresting structures and uncovers the interesting structures of the fetal anatomy behind. The method is able to work with the data streamed on-the-fly from the ultrasound transducer and to visualize a temporal sequence of reconstructed ultrasound data in real time. It has the potential to minimize the interaction of the operator and to improve the comfort of patients by decreasing the investigation time. This can lead to an increased confidence in the prenatal diagnosis with 3D ultrasound and eventually decrease the costs of the investigation.\r\n\r\nUltrasound scanning is very popular among parents who are interested in the health condition of their fetus during pregnancy. Parents usually want to keep the ultrasound images as a memory for the future. Furthermore, convincing images are important for the confident communication of findings between clinicians and parents. Current ultrasound devices offer advanced imaging capabilities, but common visualization methods for volumetric data only provide limited visual fidelity. The standard methods render only images with a plastic-like appearance which do not correspond to naturally looking fetuses. This is partly due to the dynamic and noisy nature of the data which limits the applicability of standard volume visualization techniques. In this thesis, we present a fetoscopic rendering method which aims to reproduce the quality of fetoscopic examinations (i.e., physical endoscopy of the uterus) from 4D sonography data. Based on the requirements of domain experts and the constraints of live ultrasound imaging, we developed a method for high-quality rendering of prenatal examinations. We employ a realistic illumination model which supports shadows, movable light sources, and realistic rendering of the human skin to provide an immersive experience for physicians and parents alike. Beyond aesthetic aspects, the resulting visualizations have also promising diagnostic applications. The presented fetoscopic rendering method has been successfully integrated in the state-of-the-art ultrasound imaging systems of GE Healthcare as HDlive imaging tool. It is daily used in many prenatal imaging centers around the world.",
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        "title": "Centerline Reformations of Complex Vascular Structures",
        "date": "2012",
        "abstract": "Visualization of vascular structures is a common and frequently performed task in the field of medical imaging. There exist well established and applicable methods such as Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) and Curved Planar Reformation (CPR). However, when calcified vessel walls are investigated, occlusion hinders exploration of the vessel interior with MIP. In contrast, CPR offers the possibility to visualize the vessel lumen by cutting a single vessel along its centerline. Extending the idea of CPR, we propose a novel technique, called Centerline Reformation (CR), which is capable of visualizing the lumen of spatially arbitrarily oriented vessels not necessarily connected in a tree structure. In order to visually emphasize depth, overlap and occlusion, halos can optionally envelope the vessel lumen. The required vessel centerlines are obtained from volumetric data by performing a scale-space based feature extraction. We present the application of the proposed technique in a focus and context setup. Further, we demonstrate how it facilitates the investigation of dense vascular structures, particularly cervical vessels or vessel data featuring peripheral arterial occlusive diseases or pulmonary embolisms. Finally, feedback from domain experts is given.",
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        "booktitle": "Pacific Visualization Symposium (PacificVis), 2012 IEEE",
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